近代人群头骨颞线的分型和变异

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0075

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

颞线作为头骨表面咀嚼肌颞肌的附着痕迹,其形态变异对探讨人类体质特征及咀嚼功能具有一定意义。为了解颞线在现代人群中的变异情况,本文选取亚洲、非洲和欧洲278例近现代成年人头骨为研究材料,通过对颞线的颞弧形态、宽度、发育程度、粗糙度及末端位置的观察和分析,明确颞线的分类及其定义标准,获取颞线各种表现形式的侧别、性别和地区间变异的数据,为体质人类学的研究提供参考资料。研究结果显示：1）颞线无显著侧别间差异;2）颞弧形态和发育程度无显著性别和地区间差异;3）顶部颞线宽度及粗糙度有显著性别间差异：男性顶部颞线整体较宽,粗糙型个体大多为男性;4）额部和顶部颞线宽度及粗糙度有显著地区间差异：超宽条带状颞线只出现在云南和华北地区标本,欧洲地区标本脊状颞线和粗糙型比例较高,非洲地区脊状颞线比例较高但粗糙型较低;5）颞线末端止于枕骨的类型极少;6）颞线宽度在额部和顶部及其与颞弧形态显著相关,颞线发育程度在额部与顶部显著相关。

关键词: 颞线, 人类头骨, 形态变异, 近代人群, 非测量性状

Abstract:

The temporal lines are muscle attachment marks bilaterally on the surface of the skull. Their morphological variations are meaningful to study the physical features and masticatory function in human evolution. In order to know the temporal line classifications and variations in modern populations, 278 adult skulls from Asia, Africa and Europe were selected to observe and analyze. Based on the arc trend, line width, development degree, roughness and terminal position, the temporal lines are classified into various types, and their identifications are standardly defined and established. The database of various temporal line types in sides, sexes and regions were obtained, that can be used for additional studies in physical anthropology. The primary results of this study show that: 1) there is no significant differences between left and right skull; 2) there were no significant differences in arc trend types and development degree between male and female, or among different regions; 3) There are sex difference in the width and roughness types, showing males have higher percentages than females; 4) There are spatial significant differences in the width and roughness types: Super-wide striped type was only found in the specimens from Yunnan and northern China. The Europeans have a high proportion of ridged type and rough types. The Africans have a high proportion of ridged type and a low proportion of rough type; 5) The specimens of temporal line ending in the occipital bone are very few; 6) The width on the frontal and parietal bones were significantly correlated with each other, as well as with the temporal line arc type; the development degree types on the frontal and parietal bones were significantly correlated with each other, too.

Key words: Temporal line, Human skull, Morphological variation, Recent populations, Non-metric traits

中图分类号:

Q983

严毅, 赵昱浩, 吴秀杰. 近代人群头骨颞线的分型和变异[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(05): 775-787.

YAN Yi, ZHAO Yuhao, WU Xiujie. Classification and variation of the temporal line of skulls in modern human[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(05): 775-787.

图/表 12

参考文献 21

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地区Area	男性 Male(n)	女性 Female(n)	合计 Total(n)	来源 Source
云南Yunnan	60	60	120	IVPP
华北N China	55	5	60	IVPP
欧洲Europe	32	16	48	IVPP
非洲Africa	22	28	50	Wits

地区Area	男性 Male(n)	女性 Female(n)	合计 Total(n)	来源 Source
云南Yunnan	60	60	120	IVPP
华北N China	55	5	60	IVPP
欧洲Europe	32	16	48	IVPP
非洲Africa	22	28	50	Wits

颞线 Temporal lines	类型 Types	左L/右R	中国云南Yunnan, China				华北North China				欧洲Europe				非洲 Africa
			男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female
			例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)
颞弧形态Arc morphology of temporal line	连续弧线型Continuous	L	43	71.7%	40	66.7%	38	69.1%	4	80.0%	18	56.2%	10	62.5%	14	63.6%	19	67.9%
	连续弧线型Continuous	R	38	63.3%	46	76.7%	29	52.7%	2	40.0%	17	53.1%	12	75.0%	14	63.6%	20	71.4%
	双弧型Double	L	17	28.3%	20	33.3%	17	30.9%	1	20.0%	14	43.8%	6	37.5%	8	36.4%	9	32.1%
	双弧型Double	R	22	36.7%	14	23.3%	26	47.3%	3	60.0%	15	46.9%	4	25.0%	8	36.4%	8	28.6%
额部宽度Frontal width of temporal line	脊状 Ridged	L	39	65.0%	40	66.7%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	13	40.6%	8	50.0%	16	72.7%	21	75.0%
	脊状 Ridged	R	37	61.7%	42	70.0%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	8	50.0%	15	68.2%	22	78.6%
	条带 Striped	L	21	35.0%	20	33.3%	24	43.6%	1	20.0%	19	59.4%	8	50.0%	6	27.3%	7	25.0%
	条带 Striped	R	23	38.3%	18	30.0%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	8	50.0%	7	31.8%	6	21.4%
顶部宽度Parietal width of temporal line	脊状 Ridged	L	9	15.0%	13	21.6%	10	18.2%	1	20.0%	4	12.5%	4	25.0%	6	27.3%	9	32.1%
	脊状 Ridged	R	8	13.4%	15	25.0%	11	20.0%	1	20.0%	3	9.4%	5	31.3%	7	31.8%	8	28.6%
	条带 Striped	L	40	66.7%	40	66.7%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	28	87.5%	12	75.0%	16	72.7%	19	67.9%
	条带 Striped	R	41	68.3%	38	63.3%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	29	90.6%	11	68.7%	15	68.2%	20	71.4%
	超宽条带状Super wide striped	L	11	18.3%	7	11.7%	14	25.4%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	超宽条带状Super wide striped	R	11	18.3%	7	11.7%	13	23.6%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
额部发育程度Frontal development degree of temporal line	微弱 Weak	L	15	25.0%	15	25.0%	10	18.2%	1	20.0%	6	18.7%	8	50.0%	9	40.9%	8	28.6%
	微弱 Weak	R	16	26.7%	17	28.3%	12	21.8%	2	40.0%	3	9.4%	8	50.0%	8	36.4%	7	25.0%
	中等 Medium	L	39	65.0%	39	65.0%	39	70.9%	4	80.0%	19	59.4%	8	50.0%	12	54.5%	18	64.3%
	中等 Medium	R	39	65.0%	36	60.0%	36	65.5%	3	60.0%	23	71.9%	8	50.0%	14	63.6%	19	67.9%
	粗壮 Strong	L	6	10.0%	6	10.0%	6	10.9%	0	0.0%	7	21.9%	0	0.0%	1	4.6%	2	7.1%
	粗壮 Strong	R	5	8.3%	7	11.7%	7	12.7%	0	0.0%	6	18.7%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	2	7.1%
顶部发育程度Parietal development degree of temporal line	微弱 Weak	L	29	48.3%	30	50.0%	19	34.6%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	13	81.3%	14	63.6%	12	42.9%
	微弱 Weak	R	28	46.7%	31	51.7%	20	36.4%	4	80.0%	12	37.5%	12	75.0%	15	68.2%	14	50.0%
	中等 Medium	L	29	48.3%	25	41.7%	34	61.8%	1	20.0%	17	53.1%	3	18.7%	8	36.4%	16	57.1%
	中等 Medium	R	29	48.3%	25	41.7%	33	60.0%	1	20.0%	16	50.0%	4	25.0%	7	31.8%	14	50.0%
	粗壮 Strong	L	2	3.4%	5	8.3%	2	3.6%	0	0.0%	4	12.5%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	粗壮 Strong	R	3	5.0%	4	6.6%	2	3.6%	0	0.0%	4	12.5%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
粗糙度 Roughness of temporal line	光滑型Smooth	L	35	58.3%	59	98.3%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	15	93.7%	21	95.5%	28	100.0%
	光滑型Smooth	R	35	58.3%	59	98.3%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	15	93.7%	21	95.5%	28	100.0%
	粗糙型Rough	L	25	41.7%	1	1.7%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	1	6.3%	1	4.5%	0	0.0%
	粗糙型Rough	R	25	41.7%	1	1.7%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	1	6.3%	1	4.5%	0	0.0%
末端位置Terminal position of temporal line	止于顶骨型Parietal	L	55	91.7%	59	98.3%	46	83.6%	5	100.0%	30	93.7%	16	100.0%	22	100.0%	28	100.0%
	止于顶骨型Parietal	R	55	91.7%	59	98.3%	46	83.6%	5	100.0%	30	93.7%	16	100.0%	22	100.0%	28	100.0%
	止于枕骨型Occipital	L	5	8.3%	1	1.7%	9	16.4%	0	0.0%	2	6.3%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	止于枕骨型Occipital	R	5	8.3%	1	1.7%	9	16.4%	0	0.0%	2	6.3%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%

颞线 Temporal lines	类型 Types	左L/右R	中国云南Yunnan, China				华北North China				欧洲Europe				非洲 Africa
			男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female		男 Male		女 Female
			例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)	例数(n)	比例(%)
颞弧形态Arc morphology of temporal line	连续弧线型Continuous	L	43	71.7%	40	66.7%	38	69.1%	4	80.0%	18	56.2%	10	62.5%	14	63.6%	19	67.9%
	连续弧线型Continuous	R	38	63.3%	46	76.7%	29	52.7%	2	40.0%	17	53.1%	12	75.0%	14	63.6%	20	71.4%
	双弧型Double	L	17	28.3%	20	33.3%	17	30.9%	1	20.0%	14	43.8%	6	37.5%	8	36.4%	9	32.1%
	双弧型Double	R	22	36.7%	14	23.3%	26	47.3%	3	60.0%	15	46.9%	4	25.0%	8	36.4%	8	28.6%
额部宽度Frontal width of temporal line	脊状 Ridged	L	39	65.0%	40	66.7%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	13	40.6%	8	50.0%	16	72.7%	21	75.0%
	脊状 Ridged	R	37	61.7%	42	70.0%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	8	50.0%	15	68.2%	22	78.6%
	条带 Striped	L	21	35.0%	20	33.3%	24	43.6%	1	20.0%	19	59.4%	8	50.0%	6	27.3%	7	25.0%
	条带 Striped	R	23	38.3%	18	30.0%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	8	50.0%	7	31.8%	6	21.4%
顶部宽度Parietal width of temporal line	脊状 Ridged	L	9	15.0%	13	21.6%	10	18.2%	1	20.0%	4	12.5%	4	25.0%	6	27.3%	9	32.1%
	脊状 Ridged	R	8	13.4%	15	25.0%	11	20.0%	1	20.0%	3	9.4%	5	31.3%	7	31.8%	8	28.6%
	条带 Striped	L	40	66.7%	40	66.7%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	28	87.5%	12	75.0%	16	72.7%	19	67.9%
	条带 Striped	R	41	68.3%	38	63.3%	31	56.4%	4	80.0%	29	90.6%	11	68.7%	15	68.2%	20	71.4%
	超宽条带状Super wide striped	L	11	18.3%	7	11.7%	14	25.4%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	超宽条带状Super wide striped	R	11	18.3%	7	11.7%	13	23.6%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
额部发育程度Frontal development degree of temporal line	微弱 Weak	L	15	25.0%	15	25.0%	10	18.2%	1	20.0%	6	18.7%	8	50.0%	9	40.9%	8	28.6%
	微弱 Weak	R	16	26.7%	17	28.3%	12	21.8%	2	40.0%	3	9.4%	8	50.0%	8	36.4%	7	25.0%
	中等 Medium	L	39	65.0%	39	65.0%	39	70.9%	4	80.0%	19	59.4%	8	50.0%	12	54.5%	18	64.3%
	中等 Medium	R	39	65.0%	36	60.0%	36	65.5%	3	60.0%	23	71.9%	8	50.0%	14	63.6%	19	67.9%
	粗壮 Strong	L	6	10.0%	6	10.0%	6	10.9%	0	0.0%	7	21.9%	0	0.0%	1	4.6%	2	7.1%
	粗壮 Strong	R	5	8.3%	7	11.7%	7	12.7%	0	0.0%	6	18.7%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	2	7.1%
顶部发育程度Parietal development degree of temporal line	微弱 Weak	L	29	48.3%	30	50.0%	19	34.6%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	13	81.3%	14	63.6%	12	42.9%
	微弱 Weak	R	28	46.7%	31	51.7%	20	36.4%	4	80.0%	12	37.5%	12	75.0%	15	68.2%	14	50.0%
	中等 Medium	L	29	48.3%	25	41.7%	34	61.8%	1	20.0%	17	53.1%	3	18.7%	8	36.4%	16	57.1%
	中等 Medium	R	29	48.3%	25	41.7%	33	60.0%	1	20.0%	16	50.0%	4	25.0%	7	31.8%	14	50.0%
	粗壮 Strong	L	2	3.4%	5	8.3%	2	3.6%	0	0.0%	4	12.5%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	粗壮 Strong	R	3	5.0%	4	6.6%	2	3.6%	0	0.0%	4	12.5%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
粗糙度 Roughness of temporal line	光滑型Smooth	L	35	58.3%	59	98.3%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	15	93.7%	21	95.5%	28	100.0%
	光滑型Smooth	R	35	58.3%	59	98.3%	32	58.2%	4	80.0%	11	34.4%	15	93.7%	21	95.5%	28	100.0%
	粗糙型Rough	L	25	41.7%	1	1.7%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	1	6.3%	1	4.5%	0	0.0%
	粗糙型Rough	R	25	41.7%	1	1.7%	23	41.8%	1	20.0%	21	65.6%	1	6.3%	1	4.5%	0	0.0%
末端位置Terminal position of temporal line	止于顶骨型Parietal	L	55	91.7%	59	98.3%	46	83.6%	5	100.0%	30	93.7%	16	100.0%	22	100.0%	28	100.0%
	止于顶骨型Parietal	R	55	91.7%	59	98.3%	46	83.6%	5	100.0%	30	93.7%	16	100.0%	22	100.0%	28	100.0%
	止于枕骨型Occipital	L	5	8.3%	1	1.7%	9	16.4%	0	0.0%	2	6.3%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
	止于枕骨型Occipital	R	5	8.3%	1	1.7%	9	16.4%	0	0.0%	2	6.3%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%

检验Tests	颞线Temporal line	粗糙度 Roughness	颞弧形态 Arc morphology	线间宽度 Breadth between lines		发育程度 Development degree
检验Tests	颞线Temporal line	粗糙度 Roughness	颞弧形态 Arc morphology	额部Frontal	顶部Parietal	额部Frontal	顶部Parietal
显著性检验Signifcance	侧别间side^a	1	0.267	0.763	0.366	0.655	0.394
	性别间sex^b	0*	0.484	0.415	0.034*	0.94	0.828
	地区间region^b	0*	0.203	0*	0*	0.164	0.116
相关性 Correlation	颞弧形态Arc morphology^c	-	1	-0.129**	-0.057	0.079	0.062
	额部的宽度Frontal breadth^c	-	-	1	0.356**	-0.080	0.017
	顶部的宽度Parietal breadth^c	-	-	-	1	-0.074	-0.001
	额部的发育程度Frontal develope^c	-	-	-	-	1	0.405**
	顶部的发育程度Parietal develope^c	-	-	-	-	-	1