广西通天岩洞穴遗址柳江人的多生齿

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多生齿为正常齿列数目以外的牙齿，在现生人类中研究较多，但关于古人类多生齿的报道较少。晚更新世现代人-柳江人上颌硬腭中线右侧存在一颗圆锥型埋伏多生齿，通过高精度断层扫描和三维重建技术，发现其呈水平放置的状态，位置对应中腭区，齿尖朝向腭部后方，没有发现明显并发症。柳江人多生齿发生位置、形态、方向与包括全新世早期现代人在内的现生人类的部分案例重叠度较高，但是其综合特征具有特殊性。现代临床中有跟踪发现上颌前区的埋伏多生齿向腭部后方迁移的病例，因此推测柳江人多生齿特殊的发生状态可能是其迁移后的结果。柳江人作为东亚早期现代人的重要代表，不仅将中腭区水平放置多生齿的出现时间提早到更新世晚期，为埋伏多生齿的迁移现象提供了更早的化石证据，也为牙齿数目以及位置异常的古病理研究提供了新的参考案例。

关键词: 早期现代人, 多生齿, 古病理, 牙齿畸形

Abstract:

Hyperdontia or supernumerary (or extra) teeth is one of the most common developmental anomalies in modern humans. Most supernumerary teeth are typically found in the maxillary anterior region, with about half occurring along the midline of the maxilla between the two central incisors, known as mesiodens. While supernumerary teeth have been extensively documented clinically, reports of such cases in human fossils are rare. This study describes a mesiodens embedded in the mid-palatal region of the Liujiang cranium, which is an early modern human from the Late Pleistocene in southern China discovered in the 1950s. The Liujiang mesiodens is partially exposed near the intermaxillary suture on the right side of the hard palate. High-resolution microcomputed tomography and three-dimensional virtual reconstruction further revealed that the mesiodens is conical in shape and horizontally positioned in the hard palate, with its long axis parallel to the intermaxillary suture. This mesiodens is situated distally to the long axis of the right central incisors with its cuspal apex facing the back of the palate, thus it is classified as a labiopalatinal type. Its crown corresponds to the position of the second premolar, away from the alveolar bone. Despite some distinctive features the location, shape, and direction of the Liujiang mesiodens overlapped with certain cases found in modern humans including that those from the Early Holocene. Based on clinical observations of pathological cases in modern humans, it is proposed that the Liujiang mesiodens may have migrated from the anterior region of the maxilla to the mid-palatal area. During this migration process, this supernumerary tooth adjusted its long axis from its original inverted form to its current horizontal position. This study provides evidence, dating back to the Late Pleistocene early modern humans for the occurrence of a horizontally positioned mesiodens in the mid-palatal region. Additionally, the Liujiang mesiodens presents early fossil evidence of supernumerary teeth in this special position and form than previously reported, as well as offers a case for the paleopathological study of abnormal number and position of teeth.

Key words: Early modern human, Supernumerary tooth, Paleopathology, Dental anomaly

中图分类号:

Q983.8

孙琦雅慧, 邢松. 广西通天岩洞穴遗址柳江人的多生齿[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(06): 1027-1037.

SUN Qiyahui, XING Song. A supernumerary tooth of the Liujiang Man from the Tongtianyan cave site in Guangxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(06): 1027-1037.

图/表 4

图1 正中多生齿位置的分类标准 1.冠状面 Coronal plane; 2. 矢状面 Sagittal plane; 3. 横断面Transverse plane。改自文献[34] / Revised after [34]

Fig.1 Classification criteria of mesiodens in different views

图2 柳江人上颌区域 1.上颌区域底面观Bottom view of the Liujiang maxillary region; 2. 上颌区域三维重建底面观，多生齿的齿冠和齿根分别以蓝色和黄色表示，红色为鼻腭管Bottom view of the virtual reconstruction of the Liujiang maxillary region, the crown and root of the Liujiang supernumerary tooth are shown in blue and yellow, respectively, the nasopalatine canal is shown in red; 3. 上颌区域三维重建正面观，多生齿的齿冠和齿根分别以蓝色和黄色表示，红色为鼻腭管Frontal view of the virtual reconstruction of the maxillary region, the crown and root of the Liujiang supernumerary tooth are shown in blue and yellow, respectively, the nasopalatine canal is shown in red; 4. 顶面观Top view; 5. 底面观Bottom view; 6. 外侧观Lateral view; 7. 后面观Posterior view; 8. 内侧观Medial view; 白色箭头指示多生齿The white arrows indicate the supernumerary tooth.

Fig.2 The maxillary region of Liujiang

图3 临床案例与柳江人上颌区域的多生齿对比 1, 6. 上颌冠状面Coronal plane of the maxillary region; 2, 4, 7. 上颌矢状面Sagittal plane of the maxillary region; 3, 5, 8. 上颌横断面Transverse plane of the maxillary region; 白色箭头指示多生齿The white arrows indicate the supernumerary tooth; 1-3.英国多生齿临床患者，引自文献[14] / Clinical cases of the British patients, cite from [14]; 4, 5.国内多生齿临床患者，引自[38] / clinical cases of the Chinese patients, cite from [38]; 6-8.柳江人上颌骨显微断层扫描图Microscopic sectional scan of maxilla of Liujiang Man

Fig.3 Sectional images of the maxillary region in clinical cases and Liujiang

图4 中腭区（1-3）及上颌前区（4-7）多生齿对比情况 1. 柳江人上颌区域三维重建底面观Bottom view of the virtual reconstruction of the Liujiang maxillary region; 2. 距今1.3万年的澳大利亚现代人上颌区域照片，引自[17] / Photo of the maxillary region of the 13,000-year-old Australian modern human, cite from [17]; 3. 距今2470年波兰现代人上颌区域三维底面图，引自[40] / Bottom view of the maxillary region of the 2470-year-old Polish modern human, cite from [40]; 4, 5. 距今170万年前南方古猿上颌前区腭侧已萌出的补充型多生齿，引自[16] / Supernumerary tooth in the 1.7 million-year-old Australopithecus robustus, cite from [16]; 6, 7. 德克萨斯州北部公元1200~1500年前上颌前区唇腭向水平多生齿，引自[45] / Labio-palatal horizontal supernumerary tooth of a child found in northern Texas, 1200~1500 AD, cite from [45]. 白色箭头指示多生齿位置The white arrows indicate the supernumerary tooth

Fig.4 Supernumerary teeth in the Mid-palatal Region (1-3) and Maxillary Anterior Region (4-7)

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