广西田东定模遗址发掘简报

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

定模遗址位于广西百色田东县布兵盆地内。2010-2011年间，广西民族博物馆和田东县博物馆对定模遗址进行了试掘，面积32 m²，出土了2108件石制品和少量动物化石。石制品类型包括石核、石器、石片、断块、碎片、未经加工的砾石等。石器以打制石器为主，磨制石器较少；类型多样，以砍砸器、刮削器为主，另有少量锯齿刃器、凹缺器等。原料主要来自附近的右江河滩，岩性以砂岩为主。石核剥片以锤击法为主，石器毛坯以砾石和石片为主。经过¹⁴C 测年分析，该遗址的距今年代为1.6~0.5万年。定模遗址的试掘为探索百色地区晚更新世末期至全新世初期石器文化面貌提供了新的材料，对于探讨华南及东南亚地区晚更新世石器技术演化提供了新的参考。

关键词: 布兵盆地, 定模遗址, 晚更新世末期, 全新世初期, 石器技术

Abstract:

The Dingmo site is located in Bubing Basin, Tiandong County, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China. From 2010 to 2011, the Anthropology Museum of Guangxi and the Tiandong County Museum conducted a test-excavation at the Dingmo site, with a total area of 32 m², and a total of 2108 stone artifacts were excavated and collected during this excavation. Besides, this excavation also yielded a few animal fossils. The Dingmo lithic assemblage consists of ground stone tools and cores, retouched tools, flakes, spilt flakes, chunks fragments and manuports. The majority of the retouched tools were chipped stone tools and the types of them are diverse, including choppers, scrapers, denticulates, notches and the tools’ blanks were mainly cobbles and flakes. Based on our raw material investigation, the utilized cobbles and pebbles at this site were most possibly collected from the nearby Youjiang River, sandstone-dominated. Freehand hard hammer percussion was exclusively used for core reduction, and the cores in this site appear to be simply worked and expedient. No preparations for the cores’ morphology and platforms were found among the core specimens excavated at the site. Additionally, the flakes predominantly exhibit simple morphologies and platform characteristics. The age of the site is dated to 16000~5000 BP cal using AMS ¹⁴C method. This finding add new materials for exploring the Paleolithic to Neolithic culture during Terminal Pleistocene-Early Holocene in Bose region. Through the comparative analysis of sites within the basin, the Dingmo site exhibits both distinctions and connections with them. Most crucially, it demonstrates certain technological differences when compared with the Zhongshan Rockshelter, which is also located within the Bubin Basin and shares chronological overlap. This implies the existence of regional technological variations within the basin. Furthermore, in comparison with contemporary sites in South China and the Yungui Plateau, Dingmo site displays both technological affinities and disparities. These observed connections and differences serve as essential reference materials for further discussions on the diversity of lithic technology across regions.This preliminary study provides new clues for investigating the evolution of Late Pleistocene lithic technology in South China and Southeast Asia.

Key words: Bubing Basin, Dingmo site, Terminal Pleistocene, Early Holocene, Lithic technology

中图分类号:

K871.11

艾兰, 田淳, 李大伟, 李金燕, 王伟. 广西田东定模遗址发掘简报[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(02): 298-313.

AI Lan, TIAN Chun, LI Dawei, LI Jinyan, WANG Wei. An excavation report of the Dingmo site in Tiandong of Guangxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(02): 298-313.

图/表 10

图1 布兵盆地第四纪地质图和石器及化石地点分布图石器地点Paleolithic site: 1.中山岩厦Zhongshan Rockshelter；2.百利Baili；3.瀑布Pubu；4.开口Kaikou；5.敢下Ganxia；6.凹岭坡Aolingpo；7.感怀Ganhuai；8.新立北坡Xinlibeipo；9.新立坡顶Xinlipoding；10.新立Xinli。洞穴遗址Cave site: 11.狮子洞Shizi Cave；12.陆那洞Luna Cave；13.村空洞Cunkong Cave；14.瀑布洞Pubu Cave；15.么会洞Mehui Cave；16.中山洞Zhongshan Cave；17.吹风洞Chuifeng Cave；18.雾云洞Wuyun Cave；19.宝来洞Baolai Cave；20.感仙洞Ganxian Cave；21.定雾洞Dingwu Cave

Fig.1 Distribution of Quaternary sediments, Paleolithic site and fossil locations in the Bubing Basin

图2 定模遗址及试掘区 a.定模山及遗址位置Location of the Dingmo site；b.遗址及试掘区Test-excavation area；c.探沟test trench；d.探方the test excavation pit

Fig.2 The Dingmo site and the test-excavation area

图3 定模遗址地层剖面图

Fig.3 The stratigraphy of the Dingmo site[22]

表1 定模遗址炭屑样品的AMS-14C测年结果

Tab.1 AMS 14C dating results of the charcoal samples from the Dingmo site

序号No.	实验室编号Lab No.	深度Depth(cm)	测年结果Dating result(BP)	校正年龄Age calibrated (95.4%)(BP)
1	XA7219	60	4177±28	4734±76
2	XA7250	120	5356±38	6136±83
3	XA7233	125	5744±25	6556±48
4	XA7222	160	7052±31	7898±34
5	DM-135	135	12100±70	13960±164
6	DM-155	155	13750±100	16672±317

表2 定模遗址石器分类统计表

Tab. 2 Classification of stone artifacts in the Dingmo site (n, %)

类型Type 层位Layer	备料 Manuport		石锤Stone hammer		石核Core		石片Flake		打制石器Chipped stone tools		磨制石器Ground stone tools		断块和碎片Chunk/Debitage		合计Total
类型Type 层位Layer	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
地表Surface	0		0		0		149	26.5%	6	1.1%	5	0.9%	402	71.5%	562	26.7%
L2	3	0.6%	2	0.4%	24	4.9%	159	32.7%	72	14.8%	9	1.9%	217	44.7%	486	23.0%
L3	13	1.2%	9	0.8%	59	5.6%	391	36.9%	197	18.6%	19	1.8%	372	35.1%	1060	50.3%
合计Total	16		11		83		699		275		33		991		2108	100%

图4 定模遗址出土磨制工具、石锤 1. 11TBDT1(3):1071, 研磨器grinders; 2.11TBDT1(3):1410, 研磨器grinders; 3. 11TBDT1(3):502, 研磨器grinders;4. 11TBDT1(3):34, 研磨器grinders; 5. 11TBDT1(2):30, 石斧ground stone axe;6. 穿孔砾石 perforated stone (collected on surface);7. 11TBDT1(3):26, 砺石grinding slab; 8. 11TBDT1(3):15, 树皮布石拍bark cloth beater; 9. 11TBDT1(3):1359, 石锤stone hammer; 10. 11TBDT1(2):243, 石锤stone hammer ; 11. 11TBDT1(3):1473, 赤铁矿石hematite。标本号中的(2)表示出土于第2层，(3)表示出土于第3层。下同。

Fig.4 Polished stone tools and hammer stones of the Dingmo site

图5 定模遗址出土的石核 1. 11TBDT1(3):870, 单台面石核single platform cores; 2. 11TBDT1(2):592, 单台面石核single platform cores; 3. 11TBDT1(2):18, 双台面石核double platform cores; 4. 11TBDT1(3):117, 多台面石核multi-platform cores; 5. 11TBDT1(3):342, 双台面石核double platform cores;6. 11TBDT1(2):637, 多台面石核multi-platform cores; 7. 11TBDT1(3):118, 多台面石核multi-platform cores;8. 11TBDT1(3):859, 多台面石核multi-platform cores; 9. 11TBDT1(3):115, 砸击石核bipolar core

Fig.5 Cores of the Dingmo site

图6 定模遗址出土石片、凹缺器、锯齿刃器 1. 11TBDT1(2):220, I型石片type I flake; 2. 11TBDT1(2):236, II型石片type II flake; 3. 11TBDT1(2):54, III型石片type III flake;4. 11TBDT1(3):1229, IV型石片type IV flake; 5. 11TBDT1(2):139, V型石片type V flake; 6. 11TBDT1(3):1280, VI型石片type VI flake;7. 11TBDT1(3):271, 8. 11TBDT1(3):516, 9. 采集 collected on surface, 凹缺器notches; 10. 采集collected on surface,11. 11TBDT1(3):530, 12. 11TBDT1(3):1325, 锯齿刃器denticulates

Fig.6 Flakes, notches, denticulates of the Dingmo site

图7 定模遗址出土的砍砸器 1. 11TBDT1(2):155, 单刃砍砸器single edged choppers; 2. 11TBDT1(3):124, 单刃砍砸器single edged choppers; 3. 11TBDT1(2):196, 双刃砍砸器double edged choppers; 4. 11TBDT1(2):202, 多刃砍砸器multi-edged choppers; 5. 11TBDT1(3):1407, 双刃砍砸器double edged choppers; 6. 11TBDT1(3):281, 多刃砍砸器multi-edged choppers

Fig.7 Choppers of the Dingmo site

图8 定模遗址出土的刮削器 1. 11TBDT1(3):664,单刃刮削器single edged scrapers; 2. 11TBDT1(3):1377, 双刃刮削器double-edged scrapers; 3. 11TBDT1(3):605, 双刃刮削器double-edged scrapers; 4. 11TBDT1(2):204, 单刃刮削器single edged scrapers; 5. 11TBDT1(3):172, 单刃刮削器single edged scrapers

Fig.8 Scrapers of the Dingmo site

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