智力水平还是文化表现?——尼安德特人与现代人文化精致程度差异研究述评

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0069

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

尼安德特人和解剖学意义上的现代人在文化精致程度上的区别已经争论了很长时间,考古学者希望能得出一个确定的答案,两个假设应运而生：智力水平（尼人不能发展出精致的文化）与文化表现（尼人不需要发展出精致程度较高的文化）。古人类与考古材料显示智力水平假设有缺陷：尼人的基因进入了现代人的基因库中,而且他们有能力学习现代人的技术,在“过渡工业”的材料中可以找到相关证据;与此同时,至今还未找到关系到智力水平的大脑结构证据证明尼人智力水平不如现代人。检验文化表现假设的前提是尼人与早期现代人在智力水平上没有差异,却呈现出不同的社会网络和社会组织。本文在讨论尼人与现代人人口与社会交流的基础上,认为现代人复杂的社会组织切割了尼人的生活环境,同时火山爆发引起了资源短缺,最终导致了尼人在欧洲灭绝。

关键词: 尼人, 现代人, 智力水平, 旧石器时代的艺术品, 文化精致程度

Abstract:

The debate about possible differences in cultural elaboration between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans is of long standing. As archaeologists have hoped for a definitive answer, two opposite hypotheses have been proposed: intellectual capacity (the Neanderthals did not possess cultural elaboration) vs. performance (the Neanderthals did not need a high degree of cultural elaboration for their survival). In this paper, I will evaluate each argument in turn, especially focusing on artworks and related symbolic evidence. There are several weaknesses in the hypothesis of differential intellectual capacity, especially considering the evidence of the genetic contributions of Neanderthals to the modern human gene pool and the abilities reflected in the so-called “transitional industries”. Physical evidence for differences in brain structure relating to intellectual capacity has not been found. It is necessary to evaluate the hypothesis of performance with the assumption that there is no intellectual difference between Neanderthals and early anatomically modern humans. I attempt to provide a reasonable explanation based on differences in demography and the range of social interactions, which also could explain the demise of Neanderthals in Europe.

Key words: the Neanderthals, the anatomically modern humans, intellectual capacity, Paleolithic artworks, cultural elaboration

中图分类号:

K871.11

张萌. 智力水平还是文化表现?——尼安德特人与现代人文化精致程度差异研究述评[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(01): 60-76.

ZHANG Meng. Intellectual capacity or performance?: A review of cultural elaboration differences between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(01): 60-76.

图/表 2

表1 尼人与现代人成年男性体质特征的比较[13]

Tab.1 Comparison of adult male Neanderthals and modern human (from Klein 2009: Figs. 6.7 and 6.18)

解剖学部位	尼人	现代人
脑颅	长而低	短而宽
鼻孔	宽	窄
臀部与躯干	较宽	较窄
前臂	较短	较长
手骨	极粗壮	不太粗壮
膝关节面	较大	较小
小腿	较短	较长

图1 第四纪晚期现代人的有效人口规模[77]

Fig. 1 Effective modern human population size through the late Quaternary (Ambrose 1998: Figure 5b) 图例Toba：苏门答腊岛多巴火山爆发;MSA/LSA MP/UP：非洲与欧洲的旧石器时代中期/晚期界限;LGM：末次盛冰期

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