基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0045

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县基诺山基诺乡的基诺族进行体质调查,测量了600例（男279人,女321人）成人人体测量学指标,与35年前在同一地区测量的基诺族体质数据进行了比较,初步分析了35年来基诺族体质变化的原因,研究表明,基诺族身材较矮,颧部不突出,上眼睑多有皱褶,接近40%成年人具有蒙古褶,眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等,多为直鼻背,多直发。基诺族男性、女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型,中躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型。这些表明基诺族具有南亚类型体质特征。35年来,基诺族男女的头长、头宽、面宽、下颌角宽、容貌面高、身高、坐高、胸围、肩宽、体重等指标值较1980年指标有所增长。基诺族体质的变化与当地生产力的发展,饮食结构的改善、体力劳动的强度变化都有一定的关系。

关键词: 活体测量, 头面部, 体部特征, 基诺族

Abstract:

A physical survey was conducted in Jinuo Mountain Jino Townshipof Jinghong County of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan. The anthropometric traits of 600 adults (279 males and 321 females) were measured, and the Jino physical data measured in the same area 33 years ago were compared with the current physica data. The reasons for the changes of the physical characteristics in the past 35 years were analyzed. The research shows that the stature of Jino is short, the cheekbone is not prominent and the eyefold of the upper eyelid has a high percentage. Nearly 40% of the adults have Mongoloid fold. Most of the opening heights of eyeslits are middle with the external angle higher than the internal angle. Most nasal root height is middle size and with a straight nasal profile, and more straight hair. Jino males and females are brachycephaly, hypsicephalic type, metriocephalic type, euryprosopy, mesorrhiny, middle trunk, mesatiskelic type, broad chest circumference, broad shoulder breadth and medium distance between iliac crests. These characteristics show that the Jino have the physical characteristics of the South Asian type. In the past 35 years, the head length, head breadth, face breadth, bigonial breadth, physiognomic facial height, stature, sitting height, chest circumference, shoulder breadth and body weight of the Jino males and females have increased than the 1982 indices. The changes of the Jino physical characteristics have a certain relationship with the development of local productivity, the improvement of dietary structure and the intensity of physical labor.

Key words: Anthropometry, Head and face, Body characteristics, Jino

中图分类号:

Q983

包金萍, 郑连斌, 宇克莉, 贾亚兰. 基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(02): 261-271.

BAO Jinping, ZHENG Lianbin, YU Keli, JIA Yalan. The physical characteristics and its changes of Jino in 35 years[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(02): 261-271.

图/表 7

参考文献 20

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指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male		女性/Female		指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male		女性/Female
指标/Index	类型/Type	n	%	n	%	指标/Index	类型/Type	n	%	n	%
颧部突出度/Zygomatic projection	凸起/Projecting	36	12.9	93	29.0	上红唇厚度/Thickness of lips	薄/Thin	194	69.5	245	76.3
	中等/Middle	50	17.9	67	20.9		中/Middle	84	30.1	73	22.7
	微弱/Tiny	193	69.2	161	50.2		厚/Thick	1	0.4	3	0.9
前额倾斜度/Tilt forehead	凸/Protruding	41	14.7	94	29.3	上唇皮肤高度/Upper lip skin height	低/Low	1	0.4	6	1.9
	斜/Oblique	117	41.9	44	13.7		中等/Middle	198	71.0	291	90.7
	直/Straight	121	43.4	183	57.0		高/High	80	28.7	24	7.5
眉弓/Eyebrows	粗/Rough	25	9.0	9	2.8	下颏类型/Type of chin	凸/Protruding	139	14.0	50	15.6
	中/Middle	154	55.2	92	28.7		直/Straight	216	77.4	256	79.8
	弱/Weak	100	35.8	220	68.5		后/Backwards	24	8.6	15	4.7
鼻基部/Nasal base	上翘/Upturned	92	33.0	157	48.9	达尔文结节/Darwin nodules	有/Yes	83	29.7	101	31.5
鼻基部/Nasal base	水平/Horizontal	181	64.9	159	49.5	达尔文结节/Darwin nodules	无/No	196	70.3	220	68.5
	下垂/Prolapse	6	2.2	5	1.6

指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male		女性/Female		指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male		女性/Female
指标/Index	类型/Type	n	%	n	%	指标/Index	类型/Type	n	%	n	%
颧部突出度/Zygomatic projection	凸起/Projecting	36	12.9	93	29.0	上红唇厚度/Thickness of lips	薄/Thin	194	69.5	245	76.3
	中等/Middle	50	17.9	67	20.9		中/Middle	84	30.1	73	22.7
	微弱/Tiny	193	69.2	161	50.2		厚/Thick	1	0.4	3	0.9
前额倾斜度/Tilt forehead	凸/Protruding	41	14.7	94	29.3	上唇皮肤高度/Upper lip skin height	低/Low	1	0.4	6	1.9
	斜/Oblique	117	41.9	44	13.7		中等/Middle	198	71.0	291	90.7
	直/Straight	121	43.4	183	57.0		高/High	80	28.7	24	7.5
眉弓/Eyebrows	粗/Rough	25	9.0	9	2.8	下颏类型/Type of chin	凸/Protruding	139	14.0	50	15.6
	中/Middle	154	55.2	92	28.7		直/Straight	216	77.4	256	79.8
	弱/Weak	100	35.8	220	68.5		后/Backwards	24	8.6	15	4.7
鼻基部/Nasal base	上翘/Upturned	92	33.0	157	48.9	达尔文结节/Darwin nodules	有/Yes	83	29.7	101	31.5
鼻基部/Nasal base	水平/Horizontal	181	64.9	159	49.5	达尔文结节/Darwin nodules	无/No	196	70.3	220	68.5
	下垂/Prolapse	6	2.2	5	1.6

指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male					女性/Female
		2015年		1980年		u	2015年		1980年		u
		n	出现率/p	n	出现率/p	u	n	出现率/p	n	出现率/p	u
上眼睑皱褶 /Eyefold of the upper eyelid	无/No	50	17.9%	134	23.8%	1.96*	46	14.3%	94	19.9%	2.01*
上眼睑皱褶 /Eyefold of the upper eyelid	有/Yes	229	82.1%	428	76.2%	1.96*	275	85.7%	379	80.1%	2.01
蒙古褶 /Mongoloid fold	无/No	183	65.6%	87	15.5%	14.66**	178	55.5%	90	19.0%	10.65**
蒙古褶 /Mongoloid fold	有/Yes	96	34.4%	475	84.5%	14.66**	143	44.6%	383	81.0%	10.65**
眼裂高度 /Opening height of eyeslits	窄/Narrow	117	41.9%	28	5.0%	13.36**	79	24.6%	21	4.4%	8.41**
	中/Middle	155	55.6%	529	94.1%	13.52**	220	68.5%	447	94.5%	9.80**
	宽/Wide	7	2.5%	5	0.9%	1.86	22	6.9%	5	1.1%	4.42**
眼裂倾斜度 /Direction of eyeslits	内/Internal angle	0	0	27	4.8%	3.72**	2	0.6%	9	1.9%	1.51
	平/Middle	83	29.7%	101	18.0%	3.89**	63	19.6%	114	24.1%	1.49
	外/External angle	196	70.3%	434	77.2%	2.20*	256	79.8%	350	74.0%	1.87
鼻根高度 /Nasal root height	低/Low	40	14.3%	16	2.9%	6.29**	86	26.8%	69	14.6%	4.26**
	中/Middle	228	81.7%	452	80.4%	0.45	227	70.7%	394	83.3%	4.21**
	高/High	11	3.9%	94	16.7%	5.28**	8	2.5%	10	2.1%	0.35
鼻背侧面观 /Nasal profile	凸/Protruding	13	4.7%	139	24.7%	7.12**	5	1.6%	86	18.2%	7.22**
	直/Straight	230	82.4%	371	66.0%	4.97**	219	68.2%	241	51.0%	4.84**
	凹/Concave	31	11.1%	51	9.1%	0.94	96	29.9%	145	30.7%	0.23
	波/Waveform	5	1.8%	1	0.2%	2.62**	1	0.3%	1	0.2%	0.28
鼻孔最大径 /Heightofalae nasi	横位/Transverse	29	10.4%	122	21.7%	4.03**	27	8.4%	86	18.2%	3.87**
	倾斜/Oblique	87	31.2%	435	77.4%	13.01**	176	54.8%	378	79.9%	7.55**
	纵位/Vertical	163	58.4%	5	0.9%	19.65**	118	36.8%	9	1.9%	13.15**
发形 /Hair types	直/Straight	238	85.3%	544	96.8%	6.14**	270	84.1%	472	99.8%	8.76**
	波/Waveform	39	14.0%	18	3.2%	5.85**	49	15.3%	1	0.2%	8.57**
	卷/Volume	2	0.7%	0	0	2.01*	2	0.6%	0	0	1.72
眉毛 /Eyebrow	密/Dense	44	15.8%	66	11.7%	1.63	10	3.1%	298	0.6%	17.00**
	中/Middle	179	64.2%	459	81.7%	5.59**	165	51.4%	296	62.6%	3.13**
	少/Less	56	20.1%	37	6.6%	5.87**	146	45.5%	174	36.8%	2.45*
耳垂 /Lobe types	圆形/Round	127	45.5%	107	19.0%	8.07**	146	45.5%	53	11.1%	10.94**
	方形/Square	88	31.5%	334	59.4%	7.62**	89	27.7%	299	63.1%	9.82**
	三角形/Triangle	64	22.9%	121	21.5%	0.46	86	26.8%	112	23.8%	0.99

指标/Index	类型/Type	男性/Male					女性/Female
		2015年		1980年		u	2015年		1980年		u
		n	出现率/p	n	出现率/p	u	n	出现率/p	n	出现率/p	u
上眼睑皱褶 /Eyefold of the upper eyelid	无/No	50	17.9%	134	23.8%	1.96*	46	14.3%	94	19.9%	2.01*
上眼睑皱褶 /Eyefold of the upper eyelid	有/Yes	229	82.1%	428	76.2%	1.96*	275	85.7%	379	80.1%	2.01
蒙古褶 /Mongoloid fold	无/No	183	65.6%	87	15.5%	14.66**	178	55.5%	90	19.0%	10.65**
蒙古褶 /Mongoloid fold	有/Yes	96	34.4%	475	84.5%	14.66**	143	44.6%	383	81.0%	10.65**
眼裂高度 /Opening height of eyeslits	窄/Narrow	117	41.9%	28	5.0%	13.36**	79	24.6%	21	4.4%	8.41**
	中/Middle	155	55.6%	529	94.1%	13.52**	220	68.5%	447	94.5%	9.80**
	宽/Wide	7	2.5%	5	0.9%	1.86	22	6.9%	5	1.1%	4.42**
眼裂倾斜度 /Direction of eyeslits	内/Internal angle	0	0	27	4.8%	3.72**	2	0.6%	9	1.9%	1.51
	平/Middle	83	29.7%	101	18.0%	3.89**	63	19.6%	114	24.1%	1.49
	外/External angle	196	70.3%	434	77.2%	2.20*	256	79.8%	350	74.0%	1.87
鼻根高度 /Nasal root height	低/Low	40	14.3%	16	2.9%	6.29**	86	26.8%	69	14.6%	4.26**
	中/Middle	228	81.7%	452	80.4%	0.45	227	70.7%	394	83.3%	4.21**
	高/High	11	3.9%	94	16.7%	5.28**	8	2.5%	10	2.1%	0.35
鼻背侧面观 /Nasal profile	凸/Protruding	13	4.7%	139	24.7%	7.12**	5	1.6%	86	18.2%	7.22**
	直/Straight	230	82.4%	371	66.0%	4.97**	219	68.2%	241	51.0%	4.84**
	凹/Concave	31	11.1%	51	9.1%	0.94	96	29.9%	145	30.7%	0.23
	波/Waveform	5	1.8%	1	0.2%	2.62**	1	0.3%	1	0.2%	0.28
鼻孔最大径 /Heightofalae nasi	横位/Transverse	29	10.4%	122	21.7%	4.03**	27	8.4%	86	18.2%	3.87**
	倾斜/Oblique	87	31.2%	435	77.4%	13.01**	176	54.8%	378	79.9%	7.55**
	纵位/Vertical	163	58.4%	5	0.9%	19.65**	118	36.8%	9	1.9%	13.15**
发形 /Hair types	直/Straight	238	85.3%	544	96.8%	6.14**	270	84.1%	472	99.8%	8.76**
	波/Waveform	39	14.0%	18	3.2%	5.85**	49	15.3%	1	0.2%	8.57**
	卷/Volume	2	0.7%	0	0	2.01*	2	0.6%	0	0	1.72
眉毛 /Eyebrow	密/Dense	44	15.8%	66	11.7%	1.63	10	3.1%	298	0.6%	17.00**
	中/Middle	179	64.2%	459	81.7%	5.59**	165	51.4%	296	62.6%	3.13**
	少/Less	56	20.1%	37	6.6%	5.87**	146	45.5%	174	36.8%	2.45*
耳垂 /Lobe types	圆形/Round	127	45.5%	107	19.0%	8.07**	146	45.5%	53	11.1%	10.94**
	方形/Square	88	31.5%	334	59.4%	7.62**	89	27.7%	299	63.1%	9.82**
	三角形/Triangle	64	22.9%	121	21.5%	0.46	86	26.8%	112	23.8%	0.99

指标/指数Index	男性/Male ($\bar{x}$±S)	女性/Female ($\bar{x}$±S)	u
眼内角间宽/Interocular breadth	33.5±2.8	32.5±2.6	4.51**
眼外角间宽/External biocular breadth	85.5±4.7	81.6±4.5	10.34**
耳上头高/Auricular height	122.1±9.2	117.3±9.3	6.34**
容貌耳长/Physiognomic ear length	63.3±5	57.2±4.6	15.47**
容貌耳宽/Physiognomic ear breafth	31±2.9	30.7±2.3	1.39
头水平围度/Head circumference	555.7±17.1	541.8±15.9	10.26**
上唇皮肤部高/Upper lip height	18.2±2.6	16.1±2.4	10.23**
红唇厚度/Thickness of lips	6.6±1.7	6.4±1.5	1.52
鼻长/Nose length	42.0±3.2	38.4±2.8	14.56**
耳屏点高/Tragion height	1461.2±60.8	1361.5±59.3	20.25**
颏下点高/High under the chin	1369±64.7	1278.5±59.4	17.74**
肩峰点高/Acromion heighyt	1290.4±55.2	1205.9±54.1	18.88**
胸上缘高/Suprasternal height	1293±57.4	1209.6±54.8	18.15**
桡骨点高/Radiale height	986.4±46.1	925.2±43	16.73**
茎突点高/Stylion height	759.3±39.6	718.5±37.1	13.07**
中指指尖点高/Middle finger tip height	591.4±36.6	561.2±33.4	10.49**
髂前上棘点高/Iliospinale anterior height	868.7±43.3	825.8±45	11.87**
胫骨上点高/Tibial height	416.4±23.1	390.2±19.8	14.83**
内踝下点高/Height of foot	57.1±5.7	51.1±4.6	14.03**
肱骨内外上髁间径/Biepicondylar breadth of humerus	66.4±3.4	59.2±3.8	24.57**
股骨内外上髁间径/Biepicondylar breadth of femul	91±6.2	85.2±6.3	11.44**
躯干前高/Height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane	553.7±37.4	523.9±35.4	9.97**
全臂长/Total arm length	530.8±28.1	487.4±30.2	18.21**
上臂长/Upper arm length	304±19.3	280.7±21.6	13.96**
前臂长/Forearm length	226.8±19.2	206.7±18	13.17**
全腿长/Total leg length	779.2±40	743.8±41.8	10.59**
大腿长/Thigh length	420.6±30.2	405.1±32.8	6.01**
小腿长 /Leg length	359.4±22.7	339.1±18.8	11.80**
腰围/Waist circumference	825.4±102.2	800.6±96.3	3.05**
臀围/Hip circumference	907.5±70.1	914±80	1.06
大腿围/Thigh circumference	496.3±49.2	518.8±56.3	5.22**
上臂最大围/Maximum biceps circumference	308.4±35.3	285.4±32.3	8.26**
前臂围/Maximum forearm circumference	259.1±22.5	231.8±18.6	16.05**
肱三头肌皮褶/Triceps skinfold	8.7±1.6	14.11±1.5	42.45**
肩胛下皮褶/Subscapular skinfold	12.8±1.5	14.22±1.5	12.05**
髂前上棘皮褶/Suprailiac skinfold	13.3±1.7	17.07±1.5	28.49**
小腿内侧皮褶/Calf skinfold	6.6±1.7	10.9±1.6	31.45**
头长高指数/Length-height index of head	65.6±5	66.1±5.6	1.16
头宽高指数/Breadth-height index of head	79.3±6.2	79.3±6.2	0.00
头面宽指数/Transverse cephalo-fcaial index	92.9±3.4	96.9±8.7	7.60**
头面高指数/Vertical cephalo-fcaial index	91.7±3	93.8±8.5	4.14**
额顶宽指数/Transverse frontoparietal index	71.7±3.7	74.0±3.2	8.08**
口指数/Lip index	31.1±8.5	32.5±7.7	2.10*
身高体重指数/Stature-weight index	379.9±60.6	365.4±59	2.96**
身高胸围指数/Stature-chest circumference index	56.4±4.9	57.7±4.6	3.33**
身高肩宽指数/Stature-shoulder breadth index	23.6±1.2	22.8±0.9	9.13**
身高骨盆宽指数/Stature -cristal index	16.8±1	18.2±1.3	14.88**
坐高下身长指数/Sitting height-lower extremite length index	1.1±0.1	1.2±0.1	12.22**
马氏躯干腿长指数/Manouvriers’skelic index	87.7±5.2	86.6±5.1	2.61**
身体质量指数/BMI	24.2±3.7	24.1±3.7	0.33