天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性足骨的形态观察

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0034

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文对天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期101例缠足女性足骨形变情况进行了观察和分析。结果显示,不同个体的同名骨骼形变类型和程度不同,有的个体两侧足骨呈不对称状。跗骨在整体尺寸上缩小,且部分跗骨会产生形变。跖骨和近节趾骨因受缠足外力的影响在形态上会产生剧烈的变化,主要变现为跖骨和近节趾骨纤细、弓弯,关节面改变,其近、远端以及跖骨体和趾骨体的上下径和横径均产生形变。总体而言,跖骨和近节趾骨的形变程度较跗骨而言更大。本文总结了判断某个体是否缠足的依据,特别指出需要同时观察距骨和跟骨的形态改变。鉴于其他疾病（如高弓足、麻风病、风湿性关节炎）也可导致足骨的畸形样貌,在进行个体缠足判定时,需要进行综合成因分析。缠足由文化行为所导致,其足骨形变特征有别于因病理原因导致的足部畸形。功能压力分析能够有效地解释缠足个体足骨形变的成因及过程。

关键词: 缠足, 足骨形变, 桃花园墓地, 明清时期

Abstract:

The authors studied the foot bone deformation in Taohuayuan Cemetery (14-19 century) of Jixian County in Tianjin. 101female individuals were observed and analyzed. The results show that the homonymous bones of individuals have different shapes and degrees of deformation. It shows that the deformation symmetry in both sides. Tarsals are mainly manifested in the reduction of overall size, and some of them will produce deformation. The shape of metatarsal and proximal phalangeal bone will change dramatically due to the influence of foot binding force, which is mainly manifested as the thin and curved metatarsal and proximal phalangeal bone, the change of articular surface, and the deformation of proximal and distal metatarsal body, upper and lower diameter and transverse diameter of metatarsal body and phalangeal body.In general, metatarsals and phalanges are more deformed than tarsals. The authors summarized the standard of judging whether an individual has foot bound or not, especially point out that it is necessary to observe the morphological changes of talus and calcaneus at the same time. In view of other diseases (such as hyperarched foot, leprosy and rheumatoid arthritis) can also lead to the deformity of foot bone, it is necessary to analyze the cause of formation when diagnose. Foot binding is caused by culture, and this kind of foot bone deformation is different from which caused by pathology. Functional stress analysis can effectively explain the cause and process of foot bone deformation.

Key words: Foot binding, deformation, Taohuayuan Cemetery, Ming and Qing Dynasties

中图分类号:

Q983⁺.3

邱林欢, 李法军. 天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性足骨的形态观察[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(05): 787-800.

QIU Linhuan, LI Fajun. Morphological analysis of bones on the foot-binding female deformity of Taohuayuan Cemetery of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Ji county, Tianjin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(05): 787-800.

图/表 3

表1 相关骨骼类型与数量统计表

Tab.1 Statistical table of bone types and numbers

骨骼类型/Type	数量（n）		骨骼类型/Type	数量（n）
骨骼类型/Type	右侧/R	左侧/L	骨骼类型/Type	右侧/R	左侧/L
跟骨/calcaneus	60	58	第三跖骨/MT3	72	69
距骨/tarlus	59	61	第四跖骨/MT4	72	77
足舟骨/navicular	42	34	第五跖骨/MT5	72	66
骰骨/cuboid	37	36	第一近节趾骨/PP1	40	43
内侧楔骨/medial cuniform	32	30	第二近节趾骨/PP2	41	33
中间楔骨/midle cuniform	21	14	第三近节趾骨/PP3	29	32
外侧楔骨/lateral cuniform	23	25	第四近节趾骨/PP4	25	20
第一跖骨/MT1	72	71	第五近节趾骨/PP5	20	20
第二跖骨/MT2	79	72

图1 跗骨和趾骨的形态变化 1. 05JT M715乙右跟骨 (A. 内面观 Medial view;B. 后面观Lateral view) / The right calcaneus of 05JT M715乙。2. 04JT M106丙右跟骨上面观/ The right calcaneus of 04JT M106丙(superior view)。3. 现代成年人右侧正常跟骨与缠足跟骨承载面的对比(内面观);上图所示为正常跟骨的承载面,下图所示为05JT M715乙跟骨的承载面/ Comparison of loadding surface of right calcaneus between normal foot and bound foot (Medial view) (The upper is normal foot and the lower is bound foot of 05JT M715乙)。4. A. 04JTM316乙右距骨外侧观/ Medial view of right talus of 04JT M316乙;B. 05JT M506乙右侧距骨跟骨上面观/ Superior view of right talus of 05JT M506乙。5. 04JT M208丙右足舟骨上面观/ Supeior view of right navicular of 04JT M208丙。6. 骰骨的形态变化/ Morphological changes of cuboid. A. 05JT M713右骰骨前面观/ Anterior view of right cuboid of 05JT M713; B. 04JT M208丙右骰骨上面观和跖面观/ Anterior and Plantar view of right cuboid of 04JT M208丙。7. 跖骨的形变/Morphological changes of metatarsals (A. 05JT M557右侧第一跖骨内面观, 黄色方框处为第一跖骨和第二跖骨异常明显的接触面/ Lateral view of first metatarsal of 05JT M557, the yellow frame shows that the first metatasal have abnormal facet. B. 第二跖骨上面观. 右为04JTM305乙右侧, 跖骨体三棱柱形; 左为05JT M547甲左侧, 跖骨体扁状形/ Superior view of the second metatarsal. The right is the right MT2 of 04JT M305乙, the body is triangular prism in shape; the left is the left MT2 of 05JT M547甲, the body is flattened. C. 04JT M321右侧第四跖骨, 右为前面观形变的头部, 左为上面观/ The right one is anterior view of 04JTM321 MT4, showing the head change morphologically, the left is superior view. D. 04JTM321左右侧不对称的第四跖骨/ Unsymmetric fourth metatarsal of 04JT M32。8.第五跖骨远端关节面形变示意图(从左至右分别为扁平状, 三角形, 不规则形和圆形)/ Morphological changes of fifth metatarsal distal facet (From left to right, it shows that head has change flattened, triangular, irregular and oval in shape)。9. 04JTM102乙右侧第五跖骨粗隆形变/ The fifth metataral tuberosity of 04JT M102 乙。10. 04JT M321左侧近节趾骨/ The left proximal phalanges of 04JT M321

Fig.1 Morphological changes of tarsals and phalanges

图2 缠足形变与病理形变比较 1. 正常足骨与缠足足骨的对比：/ Comparison of bound feet and unbound feet: 正常足骨 (上面,外侧观/ Normal foot bones of modern female, lateral view)与04JT M321 (下面,外侧观/ The boud feet of 04JT M321, lateral view) 左侧足骨整体结构比较;2. 05JT M546丙跟骰关节面的裹弯痕迹/ The calcaneal articular surface of 05JT M546丙with cuboid bone exhibits foldding track; 3. 中世纪瑞典锡格蒂纳小镇发现的麻风病导致足骨跖骨末端的骨质溶解以及骨吸收造成的铅笔状畸形 (Kjellström 2012) / Case of lerocy cause Acroosteolysis, bone resorption, the remaining metatasals and phalanges with penciling deformity in Medieval Sugtuna （Kjellström 2012）;4. 塞浦路斯发现的鲁西格南王朝时期第一例麻风病人骨,图中显示麻风病致使第一跖骨头部溶解性损伤 (Baker和Brenda 2014) / First archaeological evidence of leprosy at Cyprus in Lusignan period, the first metatarsal heads exhibit lytic lesion (Baker and Brenda 2014);5. 韩国公州市发现的一名朝鲜王朝时期患有风湿性关节炎病变的女性右侧足骨 (Kim和Lee 2009) / Possible rheumatoid arthritis found in the female right foot skeletons from Joseon Dynasty, Korea (Kim and Lee 2009);6. 英国后中世纪时期的风湿性关节炎病例 (Waldron和Rogers 1994) / A case of rheumatoid arthritis in an EngIish Post-medeval skeleton (Waldron and Rogers 1994)

Fig.2 Comparison of foot binding deformation and pathological deformation

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