周口店田园洞古人类化石点地层学研究及与山顶洞的对比

人类学学报 ›› 2006, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (01): 68-81.

周口店田园洞古人类化石点地层学研究及与山顶洞的对比

同号文;尚虹;张双权;刘金毅;陈福友;吴小红;李青

出版日期:2006-03-15 发布日期:2006-03-15

Mammalian biostratigraphy of Tianyuan Cave, compared with that of upper cave at Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien)

TONG Haowen, SHANG Hong, ZHANG Shuangquan, LIU Jinyi, CHEN Fuyou, WU Xiaohong, LI Qing

Online:2006-03-15 Published:2006-03-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 田园洞主体堆积厚度约2.5m,其动物群可分为上、下两个组合:上部组合物种多样性丰富,化石被啮齿类严重啮咬;下部组合化石种类单调,以鹿类和绵羊类为主,但化石丰富,极少有啮齿类咬痕。人类化石发现于下部组合;东洋界动物主要出现在上部组合,例如猕猴、猪獾、果子狸和鬣羚等。而马鹿和绵羊只出现于下部组合。沟齿鼯鼠和豪猪在下部组合开始出现,但主要发现于上部组合。梅花鹿是田园洞的优势种,在各个阶段都出现。通过统计比较,发现山顶洞3个地层单元(上室、下室和下窨)中所含化石属种基本一致,代表同一个动物群。尽管田园洞动物群中尚未发现可靠绝灭种类,但却有10种地区绝灭种,它与现生动物群有一定差异;而在堆积物特征及化石组合方面,与周口店山顶洞的更为接近。在田园洞和山顶洞出现的沟齿鼯鼠、猪獾、果子狸及鬣羚等是各自在华北地区的最早记录,可能代表了更新世末期自南而北的动物迁徙事件。

关键词: 生物地层;田园洞;山顶洞;更新世末;周口店

Abstract: The fauna in Tianyuan Cave can be divided into two assemblages. The Upper Assemblage is typical of rodent gnawing marks, and contains more oriental elements. The Lower Assemblage contains the human fossils and almost completely free of gnawing.
The main deposits in Tianyuan Cave are composed of breccia with mild clay, which resembles that of Upper Cave in Zhoukoudian.
The Upper Cave deposits were composed of three units: Upper room , Lower Room and the Lower recess. Based on the analysis of the fauna, it seems that there is no difference among these three units. That’s to say, the Upper Cave Fauna is a uniform fauna. But the most interesting elements are without horizon record, such as Hystrix and Paguma as well as Elephas.
AMS 14C dating on mammalian bones gave the results: 34 —24 ka BP (Chen et al. , 1992). In chronology, they are correlated with the lower portion of the Tianyuan Cave deposits , which dated to 30 500—39 430 a B. P.
In the composition of fauna, Tianyuan Cave has 27 species in common with the Upper Cave fauna, which accounts for 6912 % of the total fauna. Additionally, both the Tianyuan Cave and Upper Cave are dominated by Cervus nippon; and they contain the earliest records of Aeretes melanopterus, as well as the latest Hystrix in North China. The fossils from the afore mentioned two sites are less fossilized.
Felis tigris, Lepus and Pseudaxis are the most abundant ones in the Upper Cave fauna. Paguma and Acinonyx jubatus are the rarest ones.
The Upper Cave fauna is characterized by complete skeletons. In the Lower recess complete skeletons of deer and bear were all piled together ( twenty-five deers).
Aeretes melanopterus, Arctonyx collaris, Paguma larvata and Capricornis represent the earliest appearance in North China.
Ochotona dauurica, Cricetinus ( Cricetulus) varians, Hystrix subcristata, Ursus thibetanus, Acinonyx jubatus, Cervus elaphus and Ovis in Tianyuan Cave and Upper Cave represent the latest record of these species in Beijing area.
The Tianyuan Cave and the Upper Cave faunas should be named after Cervus nippon-Hystrix- Aeretes.

Key words: Biostratigraphy; Tianyuan Cave; Upper Cave; Late Late Pleistocene; Zhoukoudian

同号文;尚虹;张双权;刘金毅;陈福友;吴小红;李青. 周口店田园洞古人类化石点地层学研究及与山顶洞的对比[J]. 人类学学报, 2006, 25(01): 68-81.

TONG Haowen, SHANG Hong, ZHANG Shuangquan, LIU Jinyi, CHEN Fuyou, WU Xiaohong, LI Qing. Mammalian biostratigraphy of Tianyuan Cave, compared with that of upper cave at Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien)[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2006, 25(01): 68-81.