云南鹤庆天华洞旧石器遗址石制品研究

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0047

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

天华洞旧石器遗址是金沙江中游地区财丰河流域旧石器地点群的代表性遗址之一。本文研究的材料来源于该遗址2010、2013和2016三年度的野外调查和试掘。天华洞遗址试掘位置为洞前缓坡区域,地层堆积可划分为5层,其中2-5层为遗址文化层,属红色亚黏土沉积。遗址文化层沉积结构稳定,年代数据分布在距今9.5-5万年之间。遗址共发现石制品1122件,以玄武岩为主要原料。石制品组合的内涵丰富,剥片技术和工具类型多样,一些特殊类型的石制品标本如预制石核、长石片、似-勒瓦娄哇石片、盘状石核石片、似-基纳型刮削器等代表了天华洞遗址石工业独特的技术文化面貌,也表现出西方旧石器时代中期文化的一些技术特点和因素。

关键词: 天华洞遗址, 财丰河旧石器地点群, 旧石器时代中期, 预制石核技术, 似-基纳型刮削器

Abstract:

The Tianhuadong Paleolithic site is representative of a number of Late Pleistocene sites in the Caifeng River Paleolithic localities, which are located in the middle valley of the Jinshajiang River, Yunnan Province. The materials studied in this paper were found during field surveys and test excavations at Tianhuadong conducted in 2010, 2013 and 2016. Test excavation at the Tianhuadong site is located at the slope area in front of the cave, and five geological layers can be divided throughout the sequence. Among them, layers 2 to 5 belong to the cultural deposits that characterized by red silty clay. Dating results for each cultural layer are in stratigraphically consistent order and are between 95-50 kaBP. In total, 1122 stone artifacts have been found at the site, with basalt being the predominantly exploited raw material. The lithic assemblage at Tianhuadong possesses a diverse cultural appearance, as shown in various flaking technologies and tool types. Some specialized specimens, including prepared cores, elongated flakes, Levallois-like flakes, flakes produced from classic discoidal cores and Quina-like scrapers represent the unusual technological characteristics of the Tianhuadong site, which are similar to some Middle Paleolithic technological elements in the West.

Key words: Tianhuadong site, Caifeng River Paleolithic localities, Middle Paleolithic, Prepared core technology, Quina-like scraper

中图分类号:

K871.11

阮齐军, 刘建辉, 胡越, 李波, 杨长城, 罗兴荣. 云南鹤庆天华洞旧石器遗址石制品研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(02): 166-181.

RUAN Qijun, LIU Jianhui, HU Yue, LI Bo, YANG Changcheng, LUO Xingrong. A study of stone artifacts found in the Tianhuadong Paleolithic site, Heqing, Yunnan[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(02): 166-181.

图/表 11

图1 财丰河流域天华洞遗址及其它旧石器地点地理位置图

Fig.1 Geographic location of the Tianhuadong site and other investigated Paleolithic sites along the Caifeng River

图2 天华洞遗址平面示意图（左）及遗址东面观（右）

Fig.2 The schematic diagram of the Tianhuadong site in plan view(left) and picture of the site taken from the East (right)

图3 天华洞遗址T1北部剖面地层、年代和遗物分布情况示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the stratigraphy, age and cultural relics in northern T1 of the Tianhuadong site

表1 天华洞遗址地层出土和地表采集石制品数量统计

Tab.1 Statistics on the distribution of stone artifacts collected from cultural layers and surface at the Tianhuadong site

类型(Class)		Layer 1	Layer 2a	Layer 2b	Layer 3	Layer 4	地表Surface
石核（Cores）		2	1	0	1	0	33
完整石片(Whole flakes)		43	41	7	8	4	317
不完整石片(Fragments)		5	9	0	3	2	70
工具(Tools)	石锤残件(Broken hammerstones)	0	0	0	0	0	2
	普通刮削器(Unsecialized Scrapers)	0	1	1	3	0	33
	似-基纳型刮削器(Quina-like scrapers)	2	1	0	1	0	34
	锯齿刃器(Denticulates)	0	0	1	0	0	27
	凹缺器(Notches)	1	1	0	0	0	4
废品(Debris)		28	46	5	40	32	311
数量(n)		81	100	14	56	38	833
比例(%)		7%	9%	1%	5%	3%	74%

表2 天华洞遗址不同类型石制品标本的原料构成情况统计表

Tab.2 Raw materials composition on different classes of stone artifacts in the Tianhuadong site

岩性(Raw material types)	石片(Flakes)	工具(Tools)	石核(Cores)	废品(Debris)	数量(n)	比例(%)
玄武岩 (Basalt)	424	93	31	324	872	78%
安山岩(Andesite)	39	6	5	32	81	7%
砂岩(Sandstone)	13	2	0	66	81	7%
凝灰岩 (Tuff)	13	1	1	21	37	3%
灰岩(Limestone)	9	5	0	12	27	2%
燧石 (Chert)	8	5	0	7	20	2%
玛瑙 (Agate)	1	1	0	1	3	0.30%
闪长岩 (Diorite)	2	0	0	0	1	0.20%
数量(n)	509	112	37	464	1122
比例(%)	45%	10%	4%	41%

图4 天华洞遗址发现的部分石核 1.盘状石核Discoidal core(10THD采-5);2-3.预制石核Prepared cores（13THD采-1301,13THD采-1131）;4.有长石片片疤的多台面石核 Multi-platform core with elongated flaking scars（13THD采-1005）;5-6.多台面石核Multi-platform cores（13THD采-1215,13THDT1:3-271）

Fig.4 Selected cores discovered in the Tianhuadong site

表3 天华洞遗址不同类型石片数量统计表

Tab.3 Statistics on different types of flakes in the Tianhuadong site

石片类型(Flake types)			数量(n)	比例(%)
完整石片(Whole flakes)(n=420)	普通石片（n=351）	Type I	14	3%
		Type II	51	12%
		Type III	83	20%
		Type IV	7	2%
		Type V	69	16%
		Type VI	127	30%
	长石片(Elongated flakes)		38	9%
	盘状石核石片(Flakes from discoidal core)		10	2%
	似-勒瓦娄哇石片(Levallois-like flakes)		5	1%
	三角形石片(Triangular flakes)		16	4%
不完整石片(Flake fragments)(n=89)	近端断片( Proximal end fragments)		7	8%
	中间断片(Middle section fragments)		3	3%
	远端断片(Distal end fragments)（n=66）	普通石片远端断片(unspecialized flakes)	62	70%
		长石片远端断片(elongated flakes)	2	2%
		三角形石片远端断片(triangular flakes)	2	2%
	左裂片(Left split)		5	6%
	右裂片(Right split)		8	9%

图5 天华洞遗址发现的部分石片 1-3.羽冠状长石片Crested long flakes (13THD采-606,10THD采-42,13THD采-18);4-8.长石片Elongated flakes (13THD采-778,13THD采-582,13THDT1:2a-138,13THD采-1138,13THD采-576);9-12.盘状石核石片Flakes produced from classic discoidal cores（13THD采-856,13THD采-541,10THD采-62,13THD采-1070）;13-15.似-勒瓦娄哇石片Levallois-like flakes(10THD采-11,10THD采-31,13THD采-292);16-17.三角形石片Triangular flakes(13THD采-266,13THD采-699)

Fig.5 Selected flakes discovered in the Tianhuadong site

表4 天华洞遗址各类型工具数量统计表

Tab.4 Statistics on the various types of tools in the Tianhuadong site

工具类型(Tool types)	刃缘性质(Edges)	数量 (n)		比例 (%)
工具类型(Tool types)	刃缘性质(Edges)	n₁	n₂	比例 (%)
石锤残件(Broken hammerstones)		2	2	2%
普通刮削器(Scrapers)	单刃 (single)	18	38	34%
	双刃 (double)	14
	复刃 (multiple)	4
	半盘状 (semi-discoidal)	2
似-基纳型刮削器(Quina-like scrapers)	单刃 (single)	10	38	34%
	双刃 (double)	9
	复刃(multiple)	4
	半盘状 (semi-discoidal)	12
	盘状 (discoidal)	3
锯齿刃器(Denticulates)	单刃 (single)	15	28	25%
	双刃 (double)	10
	复刃 (multiple)	3
凹缺器(Notches)	单刃 (single)	5	6	5%
	双刃 (double)	1	6	5%

图6 天华洞遗址发现的部分工具 1.单刃刮削器Single-edged scraper(13THD采-1268);2-3.双刃刮削器Double-edged scrapers（10THD采-60,13THD采-708）;4.半盘状修理的刮削器 Semi-discoidal retouched scraper（10THD采-1）;5-8.锯齿刃器Denticulates(13THD采-1128,13THD采-706,13THDT1:2b-148);9-11. 凹缺器Notches (13THD采-432, 13THDT1:1-33 ,13THDT1:2a-196)

Fig.6 Selected tools discovered in the Tianhuadong site

图7 天华洞遗址发现的部分似-基纳型刮削器 1-2.盘状修理的似-基纳型刮削器Discoidal retouched Quina-like scrapers(10THD采-40,13THD采-532);3.复刃修理的似-基纳型刮削器Multi-edged Quina-like scraper(13THD采-548);4-7.半盘状修理的似-基纳型刮削器 Semi-discoidal retouched Quina-like scrapers(10THD采-50,13THD采-1075,13THDT1:3-137,13THD采-1276)

Fig.7 Selected Quina-like scrapers discovered in the Tianhuadong site

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