射击类带尖石制品使用微痕动态形成过程的实验研究

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0071

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

石镞主要是旧石器时代晚期出现的一种投射类复合武器的尖端,其使用方式一直为学术界所关注。本文以山西吉县柿子滩遗址环境背景和石器原料为参照,通过微痕实验,探讨射击类带尖石制品重复使用过程中微痕的动态形成过程。作者对21件实验标本分阶段累计射击337次,微痕观察121次。分析结果显示,射击类带尖石制品的重复使用情况可以通过微痕进行佐证。形态变化过程表明,尖端变化较为显著,指示应以动态思维考量出土石镞形态及其暗示的人类行为;测量数据显示,尖端及侧刃较为锋利、长度适中的标本,射击效果更好,存在多次使用的可能;微痕分析指示,若尖端产生层叠大中型折断式、阶梯式疤痕,装柄部位产生连续小型折断式或羽翼式疤痕,部分出现磨圆与光泽时可以考虑重复使用的可能。本项研究为揭示石镞背后所蕴含的狩猎策略、生计方式等人类行为信息提供了数据参考。

关键词: 带尖石制品, 分阶段射击, 动态观察, 微痕实验, 柿子滩遗址

Abstract:

Projectile point, appeared in the Upper Paleolithic, includes tips and barbs of a projectile composite weapon. It’s using strategies have gotten great attention in the paleoanthropological research. Based on the environmental background and lithic raw materials of the Shizatan Paleolithic site in Shanxi, this paper focus on the use-wear analysis to explore the dynamic formation process of microwear during the process of reuse of stone projectile points. Twenty-one experimental tools were shot for 337 times in different stages, while 121 times observed by use-wear analysis. It can be considered that the repeated use of stone projectile points can be recorded by microwear, but it still needed to combine with morphological characteristics. Viewing on the morphological change process, the change of tip is more significant, indicating that the shape of excavated artefacts and its implied human behavior should be considered by dynamic thinking. From the view point of measurement data, tools with sharp edge and moderate length have better affected of using and may be reused many times. Furthermore, from the view point of microwear analysis, if the tip produces clumped large and medium break and/or step scar termination and hafting part produces run-together small break or feather scar termination, resulting in some of part produce rounding and polishing which can be considered for re-use. This study provides important clue for the study on the hunting strategies and adapted behaviors implicated from the projectile point in the hunter-gathered living history.

Key words: Projectile points, Staged shooting, Dynamic observation, Microwear experiment, Shizitan site

中图分类号:

徐哲, 张晓凌, 裴树文. 射击类带尖石制品使用微痕动态形成过程的实验研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(02): 208-222.

XU Zhe, ZHANG Xiaoling, PEI Shuwen. An experimental research on dynamic formation of microwears on the shooting projectile points[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2020, 39(02): 208-222.

图/表 9

图1 标本捆绑方式 1.捆绑方式示意图;2.实际捆绑情况;

Fig.1 Hafting method of Projectile points 1.Abridged general view of hafting ; 2.Hafting method in this experiment

表1 实验标本基本信息统计表

Tab. 1 Information of the experimented projectile points

编号No.	远端尖角（°）	边刃角（°）		长/宽/厚 (cm)	射击次数 n	射击效果（次）
编号No.	远端尖角（°）	左	右	长/宽/厚 (cm)	射击次数 n	“1”“2”	“3”“4”
U01	58	34	49	2.2/1.5/0.5	20	17	3
U02	93	85	35	2.5/2.1/0.5	15	9	6
U03	83	20	40	2.6/1.7/0.2	15	14	1
U04	83	78	37	2.9/1.8/0.2	20	17	3
U05	123	27	20	3.9/3.3/0.3	20	16	4
U06	85	21	26	3.4/2.2/0.7	4	4	0
U07	65	10	65	2.3/1.3/0.3	15	9	6
U08	近平	25	20	3.1/1.8/0.3	18	13	5
U09	86	5	74	3.3/1.9/0.3	20	15	5
U10	68	20	11	3/1.8/0.6	20	19	1
R01	69	72	82	3.6/2.4/0.4	20	11	9
R02	66	69	32	3.8/2.9/0.3	20	16	4
R03	71	71	45	3.7/2.3/0.6	20	17	3
R04	76	62	16	3.2/2.3/0.4	20	13	7
R05	62	76	74	4.1/2.4/0.5	20	20	0
R06	71	81	46	2.8/2.3/0.3	3	0	3
R07	65	33	30	5.4/2.3/0.8	20	17	3
R08	101	61	20	3.3/2.7/0.9	10	1	9
R09	71	61	46	4.4/2.6/0.8	15	9	6
R10	75	55	24	4/3.4/0.6	2	2	0
R11	71	55	58	3/2/0.5	20	17	3

图2 实验标本特征

Fig.2 The features of the experimental specimens

图3 射击效果 1.第一批实验结束时（累计射击193次）的羊腿肉情况;2.第二批实验结束时（累计射击144次）的羊腿肉情况 U04（PC8-1）：第二阶段：右侧边产生大型阶梯式破损;第三阶段：新的中型折断式破损和中型层叠分布的阶梯状破损;第四阶段：大型阶梯式疤痕向内部扩大;右侧边出现一个大型羽翼式疤痕;第五阶段：右侧边出现大型层叠阶梯式破损,边缘有中型折断式、羽翼式破损。U05（PC8）：第二阶段：一个大型折断式和大型阶梯式破损;第四阶段：大、中层叠分布的阶梯式破损和中、小型折断式破损;第五阶段：新出现连续折断式破损。

Fig. 3 Effect of shooting 1. The condition of the leg of sheep (total shot 193 times) after experiment; 2. The condition of the leg of sheep (total shot 144 times) after experiment

图4 实验标本分阶段微痕照片(1)

Fig.4 Photographs showing the dynamic microwear observation(1)

图4 实验标本分阶段微痕照片(2)

Fig.4 Photographs showing the dynamic microwear observation(2)

图4 实验标本分阶段微痕照片(3) 第1-2张：U06（PC3）：第一阶段：小型羽翼式破损,轻度磨圆;第二阶段：新出现小型折断式、阶梯式和羽翼式破损。第3-4张：U09（PC4）：射击前捆绑：弧突处有连续小型羽翼式破损,轻度磨圆;第三阶段：上方弧突处一个小型折断式破损。R07（PC6）：第二阶段：角尖处一个小型羽翼式破损,右侧一个小型阶梯式破损。轻度磨圆;第三阶段：角尖处一个新的小型折断式破损;第四阶段：进一步磨圆;第五阶段：角尖处一个新的小型折断式破损。

Fig.4 Photographs showing the dynamic microwear observation (3)

图5 标本尖端形态动态变化图

Fig. 5 Dynamic change of the tip shapes of projectile points

图6 微痕分阶段数量演变趋势 1. 装柄产生磨损分阶段数量演变趋势;2. 未修理与修理标本疤痕分阶段数量演变趋势

Fig.6 Variation tend of microwear analysis 1. Variation trend of the staged frequency resulting from hafting abrasion; 2. Variation trend of the staged scars frequency resulting from unretouched and retouched specimens

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