山顶洞101号男性头骨的三维颅面复原

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0055

人类学学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (04): 659-670.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0055

山顶洞101号男性头骨的三维颅面复原

税午阳¹^,²(), 张亚盟³^,⁴, 吴秀杰⁵^,⁶, 周明全¹^,²

1.北京师范大学人工智能学院,北京 100875
2.北京市文化遗产数字化保护与虚拟现实重点实验室,北京 100875
3.山东大学环境与社会考古国际合作联合实验室,山东青岛 266237
4.山东大学文化遗产研究院,山东青岛 266237
5.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
6.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044

收稿日期:2020-07-15 修回日期:2020-08-24 出版日期:2020-11-15 发布日期:2020-11-06
作者简介:税午阳, 博士, 主要研究方向为计算机图形学、虚拟人类学, Email:sissun@126.com
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);虚拟现实技术与系统国家重点实验室北京航空航天大学开放课题基金(VRLAB2019A02)

The three-dimensional facial reconstruction of a male Upper Cave 101 skull

SHUI Wuyang¹^,²(), ZHANG Yameng³^,⁴, WU Xiujie⁵^,⁶, ZHOU Mingquan¹^,²

1. School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing Normal University, China
3. Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
4. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
5. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
6. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China

Received:2020-07-15 Revised:2020-08-24 Online:2020-11-15 Published:2020-11-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山顶洞101号头骨化石是东亚地区保存最为完整的化石之一,是探讨东亚地区现代人起源的重要研究材料。本文依据数据集中现生人的面部软组织平均分布,提出了计算机三维颅面复原方法,实现了101号头骨生前面貌的预测复原。主要包括三个步骤：首先使用CT完成了101号男性头骨和下颌骨仿制模型的三维重建。然后,利用计算机技术将现生人的面部软组织分布作为101号头骨的面部软组织分布,实现了颅面虚拟复原,并采用手工绘画技巧再现了复原面貌的形态特征。最后,提出了一种基于面部软组织分布和面貌统计形状模型的形态分析方法,实现了颅面复原结果的评估。山顶洞101号头骨的复原面貌具有头部较长、额头前倾、眉弓粗壮等特征,与101号头骨的几何形态基本一致。该技术再现了更新世晚期人类的脑颅及面部的形态特征,为古人类颅面复原的研究提供了技术支持和参考资料。

关键词: 山顶洞, 颅面复原, 软组织

Abstract:

The Upper Cave (UC) 101 skull is one of the most complete human fossils in the Eastern Asia, which has been the most important material to investigate the origins of modern Eastern Asian humans. In this study, we proposed a computerized craniofacial reconstruction approach to produce a possible 3D facial appearance of UC 101 skull based on the average facial soft-tissue thickness measurements (FSTMs) distribution of modern living humans within the skull and face datasets. It contains three steps: first, we used computerized tomography (CT) scan to acquire the digital model of a high-quality replica of UC 101 skull, which consists of the cranium and mandible. Second, based on the assumption that the average FSTMs distribution of the living humans is the similar to that of the UC 101, we used computer technique to virtually attach this FSTMs distribution to the UC 101 so as to produce the facial appearance. We also employed the handmade drawing technique to produce the facial morphological characteristics and subtle details of the reconstructed face. Finally, we proposed a geometric shape analysis approach to assess the reliability of the reconstructed face by means of the comparison of FSTMs distributions and the face statistical shape model. Our results illustrate that the reconstructed face is consistent with the geometric shape of UC 101, which exhibits an elongated face, a sloped forehead, stronger and wider eyebrows, etc. Our method exhibits a possible likeness of geometric shape of the neurocranium and facial morphological characters, which may further be applicable for other anthropological fossils.

Key words: Upper cave, Craniofacial reconstruction, Soft-tissue

中图分类号:

DF795.6

税午阳, 张亚盟, 吴秀杰, 周明全. 山顶洞101号男性头骨的三维颅面复原[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(04): 659-670.

SHUI Wuyang, ZHANG Yameng, WU Xiujie, ZHOU Mingquan. The three-dimensional facial reconstruction of a male Upper Cave 101 skull[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2020, 39(04): 659-670.

图/表 9

参考文献 46

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序号（Index）	特征点定义（Landmark Definition）	位置（Position）	序号（Index）	特征点定义（Landmark Definition）	位置（Position）
1	鼻根点	正中矢状面	28	颧颌点	两侧特征点
2	鼻尖点	正中矢状面	29	颧骨点	两侧特征点
3	鼻棘点	正中矢状面	30	颧下点,上颌骨颧突下缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
4	鼻棘下点	正中矢状面	31	从颧骨点向颧弓下缘的垂点	两侧特征点
5	上齿槽前点	正中矢状面	32	眶下孔	两侧特征点
6	下齿槽前点	正中矢状面	33	梨状孔中点,从眶下点引平行线与梨状孔边缘的交点	两侧特征点
7	颏前点	正中矢状面	34	梨状孔下点,梨状孔最向下一点	两侧特征点
8	颏下点	正中矢状面	35	冠颞点	两侧特征点
9	眉间点	正中矢状面	36	额颞点	两侧特征点
10	眉间上点	正中矢状面	37	耳点	两侧特征点
11	额中点	正中矢状面	38	乳突上嵴最突出之点	两侧特征点
12	前囟点	正中矢状面	39	星点	两侧特征点
13	颅顶点	正中矢状面	40	乳突点	两侧特征点
14	人字点	正中矢状面	41	上齿槽外点	两侧特征点
15	枕外隆凸点	正中矢状面	42	喙突尖点	两侧特征点
16	下项线与枕外嵴交点	正中矢状面	43	下颌切记最低点	两侧特征点
17	枕骨大孔后缘点	正中矢状面	44	下颌角点	两侧特征点
18	颌额点	两侧特征点	45	髁突外点	两侧特征点
19	眶下点	两侧特征点	46	下颌支后点,下颌支后部边缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
20	眶内点,眼眶内缘最向内一点	两侧特征点	47	下颌支前点,下颌支前部边缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
21	眶上点,眼眶上缘最向上一点	两侧特征点	48	下第二臼齿齿槽向下颌边缘的垂点	两侧特征点
22	眶上点以上眉弓最突出一点	两侧特征点	49	颞前点,颞鳞最前部一点	两侧特征点
23	眶上点以上眉弓根部之点	两侧特征点	50	颞上点,颞鳞最上方一点	两侧特征点
24	眶外缘点	两侧特征点	51	第三前臼齿的齿槽点	两侧特征点
25	眶额颧点	两侧特征点	52	下第一臼齿的齿槽点	两侧特征点
26	颞额颧点	两侧特征点	53	颏孔	两侧特征点
27	颧点	两侧特征点	54	颏外点,下颌下部边缘从下颌颏突向下颌体转折之点	两侧特征点

序号（Index）	特征点定义（Landmark Definition）	位置（Position）	序号（Index）	特征点定义（Landmark Definition）	位置（Position）
1	鼻根点	正中矢状面	28	颧颌点	两侧特征点
2	鼻尖点	正中矢状面	29	颧骨点	两侧特征点
3	鼻棘点	正中矢状面	30	颧下点,上颌骨颧突下缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
4	鼻棘下点	正中矢状面	31	从颧骨点向颧弓下缘的垂点	两侧特征点
5	上齿槽前点	正中矢状面	32	眶下孔	两侧特征点
6	下齿槽前点	正中矢状面	33	梨状孔中点,从眶下点引平行线与梨状孔边缘的交点	两侧特征点
7	颏前点	正中矢状面	34	梨状孔下点,梨状孔最向下一点	两侧特征点
8	颏下点	正中矢状面	35	冠颞点	两侧特征点
9	眉间点	正中矢状面	36	额颞点	两侧特征点
10	眉间上点	正中矢状面	37	耳点	两侧特征点
11	额中点	正中矢状面	38	乳突上嵴最突出之点	两侧特征点
12	前囟点	正中矢状面	39	星点	两侧特征点
13	颅顶点	正中矢状面	40	乳突点	两侧特征点
14	人字点	正中矢状面	41	上齿槽外点	两侧特征点
15	枕外隆凸点	正中矢状面	42	喙突尖点	两侧特征点
16	下项线与枕外嵴交点	正中矢状面	43	下颌切记最低点	两侧特征点
17	枕骨大孔后缘点	正中矢状面	44	下颌角点	两侧特征点
18	颌额点	两侧特征点	45	髁突外点	两侧特征点
19	眶下点	两侧特征点	46	下颌支后点,下颌支后部边缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
20	眶内点,眼眶内缘最向内一点	两侧特征点	47	下颌支前点,下颌支前部边缘最向内凹陷之点	两侧特征点
21	眶上点,眼眶上缘最向上一点	两侧特征点	48	下第二臼齿齿槽向下颌边缘的垂点	两侧特征点
22	眶上点以上眉弓最突出一点	两侧特征点	49	颞前点,颞鳞最前部一点	两侧特征点
23	眶上点以上眉弓根部之点	两侧特征点	50	颞上点,颞鳞最上方一点	两侧特征点
24	眶外缘点	两侧特征点	51	第三前臼齿的齿槽点	两侧特征点
25	眶额颧点	两侧特征点	52	下第一臼齿的齿槽点	两侧特征点
26	颞额颧点	两侧特征点	53	颏孔	两侧特征点
27	颧点	两侧特征点	54	颏外点,下颌下部边缘从下颌颏突向下颌体转折之点	两侧特征点

山顶洞101号男性头骨的三维颅面复原

The three-dimensional facial reconstruction of a male Upper Cave 101 skull

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