早-中更新世中国古人类演化及其与气候环境的关系

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0040

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (03): 436-453.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0040cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0040

早-中更新世中国古人类演化及其与气候环境的关系

杨石霞¹^,²(), 裴树文¹^,², 邓成龙³^,⁴

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京100044
3.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩石圈演化国家重点实验室,北京 100029
4.中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049

收稿日期:2020-11-13 修回日期:2021-02-08 出版日期:2021-06-15 发布日期:2021-06-24
作者简介:杨石霞（1988-）,女,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所副研究员,主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: yangshixia@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);自然科学基金基础中心项目(41888101);自然科学基金基础中心项目(L1524016);中国科学院地质与球物理研究所重点部署项目资助(IGGCAS-201905);中国科学院青年促进会(2020074);德国洪堡基金会(Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung)

Human evolution of the Early and Middle Pleistocene in China and its relationship with climatic conditions

YANG Shixia¹^,²(), PEI Shuwen¹^,², DENG Chenglong³^,⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
3. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
4. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2020-11-13 Revised:2021-02-08 Online:2021-06-15 Published:2021-06-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近一个世纪以来,随着旧石器时代考古与古人类研究的发展,我们已经获得了大量的研究材料和数据。尽管个别遗址的年代、文化性质和化石人类分析及鉴定仍有争议,但如此长时间的积累依然为构建序列性认识和思考提供了基础。目前的研究多集中在单个遗址或者区域的古人类化石、石器打制技术和气候环境背景的个案分析,对早–中更新世中国古人类演化及其与气候环境的关系尚缺乏系统探讨。本文选取过去百万年里地球气候冰期-间冰期旋回经历的两次显著转型事件：中更新世气候转型期和中布容事件作为时间节点,讨论伴随气候转型时期中国北方地区、秦岭及周边地区和中国南方地区出现的早期古人类演化特征的变化。具体从遗址分布、石器技术变化、早期人类化石特征等方面入手,尝试构建人类活动与气候环境变化的耦合关系。

关键词: 中更新世气候转型期, 中布容事件, 人类化石, 石器技术

Abstract:

With on-going implementation of palaeoanthropological surveys and excavations, in China the Early and Middle Pleistocene hominin record is accumulating steadily. Although the dates and cultural attributes of some sites are controversial, increasing information allows for the assessment of the effects of climate variability on archaeological site distributions and its influence on hominin behaviours. During the last one million years, there are two major changes in the climate regime, namely the Mid-Pleistocene climate transition(MPT) centered around 1.2-0.7 MaBP and the Mid-Brunhes event (MBE) around 0.4 MaBP. Here, we combine the fossil and archaeological data sets of the Early and Middle Pleistocene and subdivide them into four time frames, i.e., pre-MPT, MPT, pre-MBE and post-MBE. We examine archaeological site distributions across China to determine long-term geographic and behavioural effects on hominin populations before, during and after the two critical climatic events. Changes in the geographic distribution of hominins are demonstrated across the MPT, with significant shifts in the number of sites in high and low latitudes. The appearance of Large Cutting Tools, and new innovations in small tool industries, are key technological changes documented during the MPT. Across the MBE, the distribution of hominins is more extensive in both high and low latitudes. In contrast to earlier periods, post-MBE sites witness significant technological developments, such as the introduction of new stone tool reduction techniques in some sites of Yunnan and Guizhou in South China and improved tool designs at sites such as Dali, in North China. Across the MBE, a series of human fossil evidence indicate that several hominin species may have co-existed as increased morphological diversity is indicated. The Qinling Mountain Range and its surrounding area, at the boundary of North and South China, contained the densest and most continuous human occupations throughout the Early to Middle Pleistocene. Geographic and behavioural shifts in the hominin record challenge traditional views about the long-term, conservative nature of the biological and cultural evolution of hominins in Eastern Asia, and instead demonstrate dynamic responses of populations to ecosystem changes across the Early and Middle Pleistocene.

Key words: Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition, Mid-Brunhes Event, Human fossils, Lithic technology

中图分类号:

Q981
P532

杨石霞, 裴树文, 邓成龙. 早-中更新世中国古人类演化及其与气候环境的关系[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 436-453.

YANG Shixia, PEI Shuwen, DENG Chenglong. Human evolution of the Early and Middle Pleistocene in China and its relationship with climatic conditions[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 436-453.

图/表 4

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阶段划分 Period	序号 No.	遗址 Site	年代 (MaBP)	测年方法 Dating method	类型 Context	人类化石 Human fossil	石器类型 Assemblage	数据来源 Reference
Pre-MPT	1	石沟	1.6	SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[34]
		马圈沟-I/II/III	1.66-1.55	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,35,36]
		马圈沟-I/II/III	1.7-1.4	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,35,36]
	3	半山	1.32	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[35,36]
	3	半山	1.35	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[35,36]
	4	南边山	1.3	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[37]
	5	葡萄园	1.6-1.5	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[38]
	6	小长梁	1.36	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,39,40]
	7	大长梁	1.48	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[41,42]
	8	西侯度	1.4	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	旷野	-	石核-石片	[43,44]
	8	西侯度	1.27	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[43,44]
	9	公王岭	1.63	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[45,46]
	9	公王岭	1.15	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[45,46]
	10	上陈	2.12	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[6]
	11	龙骨洞	2.42-1.8	PM	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[47]
	12	元谋	1.7	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[46]
MPT	1	霍家地	1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[48]
	2	飞梁	1.2	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[49]
	3	马梁10地点	0.8		旷野		石核-石片	[50]
	4	东古坨	1.1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[51,52]
	4	东古坨	1.119	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[51,52]
	5	岑家湾	1.1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,53,54]
	6	麻地沟	1.2	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[55]
	7	ZKD Loc.1(L8-L10)	0.77	26Al/10Be	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[56-60]
			~0.6	U
			0.55-0.3	ESR
	8	水沟-会兴沟	0.9	PM	旷野	-	LCT	[61]
	9	上白川	0.79-0.76	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[62]
	10	龙岗寺- 3	1.27-0.71	post-IR IRSL/PM/SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63,64]
	11	龙岗寺-2	0.75-0.58	post-IR IRSL/PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	12	白龙洞	0.76	PM	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[65]
	13	郧县人	0.89-0.71	PM	洞穴	√	LCT	[66]
	14	吴台村	0.88-0.85	post-IR IRSL/PM/SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	15	七里亭下层	0.94-0.89	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[67,68]
	16	百色遗址群	0.8	K(Ar)/Ar	旷野	-	LCT	[69,70]
pre-MBE	1	ZKD Loc.1(L4-L5)	0.5	TIMS	洞穴		石核-石片	[61,62]
	2	沂源人	0.64-0.49	26 Al/10 Be	洞穴	√	//	[71,72]
	2	沂源人	0.32-0.42	ESR/U	洞穴	√	//	[71,72]
	3	陈家窝	0.65	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[73]
	4	孙家洞	周口店动物群	BS	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[74]
	5	南召人	周口店动物群	BS	洞穴	√	//	[75]
	6	乔家窑	0.58-0.47	OSL; PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[76]
	7	刘湾	~0.6	OSL/26Al/10 Be	旷野	-	石核-石片	[77]
	8	武家沟	0.58-0.47	26Al/10 Be, PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[9]
	9	罗家村	0.58-0.47	post-IR, IRSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	10	酒厂	0.58-0.47	post-IR IRSL/PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[9]
	11	双树（DRR）	0.65-0.52	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[78]
	12	窑厂湾	0.58-0.47	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[79]
	13	南京汤山人	0.62-0.58	U	洞穴	√	//	[80]
pre-MBE	14	陈山11层	0.68	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[81]
	15	上马坎	0.4	SC	旷野	-	LCT	[82]
	16	毛竹山（水阳江）	~0.6	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[83]
post-MBE	1	庙后山	0.4-0.2	U		√	LCT	[84, 85]
	2	金牛山	0.197-0.195	TL	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[86, 87]
			0.23-0.2	ESR
			0.3-0.23	U
	3	后沟	0.395	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[88, 89]
	4	摩天岭	0.3	OSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[90]
	5	雀儿沟	268 ±13 ka	OSL	旷野		石核-石片	[90]
	6	东坡	0.32	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[91]
	7	吉家庄	Q₂³	SC	旷野		石核-石片	[92]
	8	周口点第15地点	0.28-0.155	U	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[93, 94]
	9	丁村遗址群	0.21-0.16	U	旷野	√	LCT	[95-98]
			>0.12	PM
			0.07-0.09	氨基酸
	10	大荔	0.3-0.24	ESR-	旷野	√	石核-石片	[99-101]
	10	大荔	0.29-0.26	post-IR IRSL	旷野	√	石核-石片	[99-101]
	11	吉家湾	0.4-0.1	OSL, PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[102]
	12	甘峪	0.4-0.1	post-IR IRSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[102]
	13	龙牙洞	0.39-0.27	TT-OSL	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[103]
	14	洛南遗址群	0.25-0.05	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[13]
	15	梁山村	0.19-0.14	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	16	杨家坪	0.13-0.10	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	17	后房	0.13-0.09	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[104]
	18	双红村	0.17-0.11	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	19	马岭2A	0.39-0.22	OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[105]
	20	南京汤山（2号）	~0.239	U		√	//	[80]
	21	水阳江	Q₂³	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[106]
	22	和县人	0.41	ESR/ U	洞穴	√	//	[107-110]
			0.3	ESR
			0.19-0.15	U
			0.2-0.17	TL
	23	巢县人	0.36-0.31	U	洞穴	√	//	[107, 111, 112]
			0.2-0.16	U
			0.21	ESR
	24	七里亭上层	0.3-0.12	?	旷野	-	石核-石片	[5]
	25	长阳人	0.196-0.143	U	洞穴	√	//	[113]
	26	华龙洞	0.331-0.275	U	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[114]
	27	桐梓人	0.24-0.17	U	洞穴	√	//	[115, 116]
	28	观音洞	0.17-0.08	OSL	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[117]
	29	盘县大洞	0.3-0.19	OSL	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[118-120]
	29	盘县大洞	0.3-0.12	ESR/U	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[118-120]
	30	马坝人	0.3-0.13	U	洞穴	√	//	[121, 122]

阶段划分 Period	序号 No.	遗址 Site	年代 (MaBP)	测年方法 Dating method	类型 Context	人类化石 Human fossil	石器类型 Assemblage	数据来源 Reference
Pre-MPT	1	石沟	1.6	SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[34]
		马圈沟-I/II/III	1.66-1.55	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,35,36]
		马圈沟-I/II/III	1.7-1.4	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,35,36]
	3	半山	1.32	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[35,36]
	3	半山	1.35	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[35,36]
	4	南边山	1.3	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[37]
	5	葡萄园	1.6-1.5	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[38]
	6	小长梁	1.36	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,39,40]
	7	大长梁	1.48	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[41,42]
	8	西侯度	1.4	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	旷野	-	石核-石片	[43,44]
	8	西侯度	1.27	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[43,44]
	9	公王岭	1.63	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[45,46]
	9	公王岭	1.15	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[45,46]
	10	上陈	2.12	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[6]
	11	龙骨洞	2.42-1.8	PM	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[47]
	12	元谋	1.7	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[46]
MPT	1	霍家地	1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[48]
	2	飞梁	1.2	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[49]
	3	马梁10地点	0.8		旷野		石核-石片	[50]
	4	东古坨	1.1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[51,52]
	4	东古坨	1.119	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[51,52]
	5	岑家湾	1.1	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[12,53,54]
	6	麻地沟	1.2	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[55]
	7	ZKD Loc.1(L8-L10)	0.77	26Al/10Be	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[56-60]
			~0.6	U
			0.55-0.3	ESR
	8	水沟-会兴沟	0.9	PM	旷野	-	LCT	[61]
	9	上白川	0.79-0.76	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[62]
	10	龙岗寺- 3	1.27-0.71	post-IR IRSL/PM/SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63,64]
	11	龙岗寺-2	0.75-0.58	post-IR IRSL/PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	12	白龙洞	0.76	PM	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[65]
	13	郧县人	0.89-0.71	PM	洞穴	√	LCT	[66]
	14	吴台村	0.88-0.85	post-IR IRSL/PM/SC	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	15	七里亭下层	0.94-0.89	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[67,68]
	16	百色遗址群	0.8	K(Ar)/Ar	旷野	-	LCT	[69,70]
pre-MBE	1	ZKD Loc.1(L4-L5)	0.5	TIMS	洞穴		石核-石片	[61,62]
	2	沂源人	0.64-0.49	26 Al/10 Be	洞穴	√	//	[71,72]
	2	沂源人	0.32-0.42	ESR/U	洞穴	√	//	[71,72]
	3	陈家窝	0.65	PM	旷野	√	石核-石片	[73]
	4	孙家洞	周口店动物群	BS	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[74]
	5	南召人	周口店动物群	BS	洞穴	√	//	[75]
	6	乔家窑	0.58-0.47	OSL; PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[76]
	7	刘湾	~0.6	OSL/26Al/10 Be	旷野	-	石核-石片	[77]
	8	武家沟	0.58-0.47	26Al/10 Be, PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[9]
	9	罗家村	0.58-0.47	post-IR, IRSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[63]
	10	酒厂	0.58-0.47	post-IR IRSL/PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[9]
	11	双树（DRR）	0.65-0.52	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[78]
	12	窑厂湾	0.58-0.47	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[79]
	13	南京汤山人	0.62-0.58	U	洞穴	√	//	[80]
pre-MBE	14	陈山11层	0.68	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[81]
	15	上马坎	0.4	SC	旷野	-	LCT	[82]
	16	毛竹山（水阳江）	~0.6	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[83]
post-MBE	1	庙后山	0.4-0.2	U		√	LCT	[84, 85]
	2	金牛山	0.197-0.195	TL	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[86, 87]
			0.23-0.2	ESR
			0.3-0.23	U
	3	后沟	0.395	PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[88, 89]
	4	摩天岭	0.3	OSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[90]
	5	雀儿沟	268 ±13 ka	OSL	旷野		石核-石片	[90]
	6	东坡	0.32	ESR	旷野	-	石核-石片	[91]
	7	吉家庄	Q₂³	SC	旷野		石核-石片	[92]
	8	周口点第15地点	0.28-0.155	U	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[93, 94]
	9	丁村遗址群	0.21-0.16	U	旷野	√	LCT	[95-98]
			>0.12	PM
			0.07-0.09	氨基酸
	10	大荔	0.3-0.24	ESR-	旷野	√	石核-石片	[99-101]
	10	大荔	0.29-0.26	post-IR IRSL	旷野	√	石核-石片	[99-101]
	11	吉家湾	0.4-0.1	OSL, PM	旷野	-	石核-石片	[102]
	12	甘峪	0.4-0.1	post-IR IRSL	旷野	-	石核-石片	[102]
	13	龙牙洞	0.39-0.27	TT-OSL	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[103]
	14	洛南遗址群	0.25-0.05	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[13]
	15	梁山村	0.19-0.14	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	16	杨家坪	0.13-0.10	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	17	后房	0.13-0.09	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[104]
	18	双红村	0.17-0.11	TT-OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[9]
	19	马岭2A	0.39-0.22	OSL	旷野	-	LCT	[105]
	20	南京汤山（2号）	~0.239	U		√	//	[80]
	21	水阳江	Q₂³	ESR	旷野	-	LCT	[106]
	22	和县人	0.41	ESR/ U	洞穴	√	//	[107-110]
			0.3	ESR
			0.19-0.15	U
			0.2-0.17	TL
	23	巢县人	0.36-0.31	U	洞穴	√	//	[107, 111, 112]
			0.2-0.16	U
			0.21	ESR
	24	七里亭上层	0.3-0.12	?	旷野	-	石核-石片	[5]
	25	长阳人	0.196-0.143	U	洞穴	√	//	[113]
	26	华龙洞	0.331-0.275	U	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[114]
	27	桐梓人	0.24-0.17	U	洞穴	√	//	[115, 116]
	28	观音洞	0.17-0.08	OSL	洞穴	-	石核-石片	[117]
	29	盘县大洞	0.3-0.19	OSL	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[118-120]
	29	盘县大洞	0.3-0.12	ESR/U	洞穴	√	石核-石片	[118-120]
	30	马坝人	0.3-0.13	U	洞穴	√	//	[121, 122]

早-中更新世中国古人类演化及其与气候环境的关系

Human evolution of the Early and Middle Pleistocene in China and its relationship with climatic conditions

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