从技术组织论视角阐释中国古人类石器技术的多样性

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0065

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

石器的演化历史与早期人类技术活动的投入成本密切相关,也在一定程度上受制于可获取的原料与利用的动植物资源。克拉克有关早期人类的石器技术演化的5种技术模式,在解释旧大陆古人类技术演化具有深远的影响。然而,生活在东亚特别是中国北方地区的古人类,石制品文化面貌在约40 ka BP一直以石核-石片技术体系占据主导地位。学术界一般以中国本土旧石器文化传统根深蒂固,与西方文化交流有限为原因,解释这种石器技术发展的不平衡现象。本文以石制品生产技术组织的研究理念为出发点,强调精致加工代表人群的高投入技术与行为,在中国境内以模式2、3为代表,其产品可在一定程度上作为文化标识反映了外来人群的扩散,体现了东、西方文化有限交流;而权宜技术则多为低投入的技术与行为活动,以石核-石片技术体系为代表,随时间推移不断继承发展。同时,石核-石片技术体系在中国盛行的现象,表明本地古人类对一种比较成功的适应策略的坚持和继承,分布区域局限、内在技术变异程度相对较低的模式2、3技术,更有可能是欧亚大陆西侧和非洲规模有限的人群扩散或技术传播的结果。

关键词: 旧石器, 技术体系, 权宜加工, 精致加工

Abstract:

The evolution of stone artifact assemblages has a close relationship to the investment (time and energy) in stone tools’ making. In other words, it is also subject to the availability of the lithic raw materials, animal and plant resources which can be obtained by early humans. According to Paleolithic archaeological records around the world, G. Clark characterized the evolution of lithic technology into five different modes which made great influence in explaining the technological evolution of early humans in the Old World. However, it should be noted that early hominins lived in North China and even East Asia adopted Core and Flake techno-complex before 40 ka BP. To explain this phenomenon, scholars proposed a point of view that this due to a strong local cultural tradition in China, and limited cultural exchange between west and east hinders the development of technological characterization.
This paper focus on the research scopes of technological organization and the dichotomy of the expedient or curated stone tool manufactured strategies. It can be inferred that the prevalence of Core and Flake techno-complex in China represents a successful adaptation which represents to a low-cost expedience strategy. On the contrary, a small amount of Mode 2 and Mode 3 lithic technology in China can be explained to a relatively high-cost curation strategy. In addition, the high-cost lithic strategy of relatively advanced technology of Mode 2 and Mode 3 delivers the cultural symbol which represent cultural transmission from west to east, while low-cost lithic strategy of Core and Flake techno-complex in China may indicate the cultural inheritance and development. Furthermore, the persistence of Core and Flake Techno-complex in China can be interpreted as the successful adaptation to the local raw materials and animal and plant resources, on the other hand, the sporadic and low-frequency variation of relatively high-cost strategy of Mode 2 and Mode 3 assemblages may present the limited early hominins’ migration (low effective group size) and technical transmission from west Eurasia and Africa to China and even East Asia.

Key words: Paleolithic, Lithic techno-complex, Expedience, Curation

中图分类号:

K871.11

战世佳, 董哲. 从技术组织论视角阐释中国古人类石器技术的多样性[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(06): 1096-1107.

ZHAN Shijia, DONG Zhe. On the diversity of Chinese lithic technologies from a technological organization perspective[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(06): 1096-1107.

图/表 2

图1 中国境内发现存在模式2与模式3技术的主要遗址（群）蓝色标注点为模式3：1.通天洞遗址/ Tongtiandong site;2.骆驼石遗址/ Luotuoshi site;3.金斯太遗址/ Jinsitai site;4.乌兰木伦遗址Wulanmulun site;5.水洞沟遗址/ Shuidonggou site;6.天华洞遗址/Tianhuadong site 红色标注点为模式2：7.丁村遗址/.Dingcun site;8.水沟、会兴沟遗址/Shuigou, Huixinggou sites;9.洛南盆地/Luonan Basin;10.丹江口库区/Dangjiangkou Reservoir Region;11.陈山遗址/Chenshan site;12.条头岗遗址/Tiaotougang site;13.百色盆地/Bose Basin;14.磨刀山遗址/ Modaoshan site

Fig.1 Some important sites(complex) bearing Mode 2 and 3 in China

图2 中国境内发现的模式2与模式3技术的石器 1.枫树岛手斧Handaxes from the Fengshudao site[34];2~3. 手斧与薄刃斧Handaxe and Cleaver from the Dangjiangkou Reservoir Region[36];4~5.陈山遗址大型石刀与手斧Knive and Handaxe from the Chenshan site[43];6~7. 通天洞勒瓦娄哇尖状器与莫斯特尖状器Levallois point and Mousterian point from the Tongtiandong site[53];8-9.勒瓦娄哇尖状器Levallois points from the Jinsitai site[51];10~11. 天华洞盘状与半盘状修理的似-基纳型刮削器Discoidal and Semi-discoidal retouched Quina-like scrapers from the Tianhuadong site[56]

Fig.2 Stone tools of Mode 2 and Mode 3 found in China

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