中亚河中地区青铜时代以来绿洲农业的演化与文明的交流

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0073

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (06): 1108-1120.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0073

• 综述 • 上一篇

中亚河中地区青铜时代以来绿洲农业的演化与文明的交流

陈冠翰¹^,²^,³(), 周新郢¹^,²^,³, 沈慧¹^,²^,³, Khasannov Mutalibjon⁴, 马建⁵, 任萌⁵, Annaev Tukhtash⁶, 王建新⁵, 李小强¹^,²^,³()

1.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044
3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4.乌兹别克斯坦科学院考古研究所,乌兹别克斯坦撒马尔罕 140000
5.西北大学文化遗产学院,西安 710069
6.泰尔梅兹州立大学历史学系,乌兹别克斯坦泰尔梅兹 190100

收稿日期:2020-03-08 修回日期:2020-08-20 出版日期:2021-12-15 发布日期:2020-11-25
通讯作者: 李小强
作者简介:陈冠翰,硕士研究生,主要从事植物考古学研究。Email: chenguanhan17@mails.ucas.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41572161, 41730319)

Evolution of oasis agriculture and civilization exchange since the Bronze age in Transoxiana, Central Asia

CHEN Guanhan¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Xinying¹^,²^,³, SHEN Hui¹^,²^,³, Khasannov Mutalibjon⁴, MA Jian⁵, REN Meng⁵, Annaev Tukhtash⁶, WANG Jianxin⁵, LI Xiaoqiang¹^,²^,³()

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Institute of Archaeology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Samarqand 140000, Uzbekistan
5. College of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710068, China
6. History Department, Termez State University, Termez 190100, Uzbekistan

Received:2020-03-08 Revised:2020-08-20 Online:2021-12-15 Published:2020-11-25
Contact: LI Xiaoqiang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中亚河中地区是东西方文明交流的重要通道,当地干旱的气候对环境变化十分敏感,同时大量保存良好的考古遗迹使得该地区十分适合进行农业活动与文明交流的相关研究。本研究通过年代学与植物考古学方法,对阿姆河流域范围青铜时代晚期至萨珊波斯时期的考古遗址进行研究,尝试重建区内全新世人类农业活动的发展过程,并分析研究4000 BP以来人类的农业活动对环境变化的响应与适应。研究结果显示,河中地区农业的作物构成自4000 BP的青铜时代晚期就已表现出高度的复杂性。虽然在不同的时期不同类型作物的种植比例存在一定的差别,但当地的作物始终以大麦、小麦为主,辅以粟、黍、豆类等谷物及葡萄等果木,自青铜时代晚期形成后这种综合了东西方元素的绿洲农业便保持稳定;后期虽有水稻等作物加入但并没有对已有结构产生较大的影响。本研究为进一步了解中亚内陆干旱-半干旱地区绿洲农业的结构演化及其对环境变化的响应,以及探究不同起源地区作物在亚欧大陆的传播提供了基础资料和新的视角。

关键词: 河中地区, 中亚, 植物考古, 农业活动, 全新世

Abstract:

Transoxiana is an ideal place for studying agriculture spread and civilization exchange as the drought local climate meaning that there is sensitivity to environmental changes and good preservation of archaeological materials. This region has always played an important role in communication between eastern and western civilizations in Eurasia. This study combines archaeobotanical and chronological methods in order to reconstruct Holocene agricultural activities and analyze human adaptations to environmental changes in Aum Darya region from 4000 BP (late Bronze Age) to the Sassanid Empire. Results show that the agriculture systems in Transoxiana were highly complexity since 4000 BP. Although different types of crops were planted in different periods, the local oasis agriculture structure composed mainly of barley and wheat, with supplementary foods including common millet, foxtail millet, beans, and fruit such as grapes. Rice and other crops were added in later periods, these foodstuffs did not impact the local agricultural structure. This study provides some details about the evolution of oasis agriculture and human response to environmental changes in Central Asia. It also give us some new perspectives for further study about agricultural spread in Eurasia.

Key words: Transoxiana, Central Asia, Archaeobotany, Agriculture, Holocene

中图分类号:

Q948K878

陈冠翰, 周新郢, 沈慧, Khasannov Mutalibjon, 马建, 任萌, Annaev Tukhtash, 王建新, 李小强. 中亚河中地区青铜时代以来绿洲农业的演化与文明的交流[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(06): 1108-1120.

CHEN Guanhan, ZHOU Xinying, SHEN Hui, Khasannov Mutalibjon, MA Jian, REN Meng, Annaev Tukhtash, WANG Jianxin, LI Xiaoqiang. Evolution of oasis agriculture and civilization exchange since the Bronze age in Transoxiana, Central Asia[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(06): 1108-1120.

图/表 5

图1 研究区域、遗址名称及所在位置

Fig.1 Research area including archaeological site names and locations 1. Sapalli site; 2. Djarkutan site; 3. Molali site; 4. Khalchayan site; 5. Bandykhan tepe site; 6. Kyzyl tepe site; 7. Kampyr tepe site; 8. Taletagola site

表1 河中地区部分遗址AMS14C 测年结果

Tab.1 AMS14C dating results from archaeological sites in Transoxiana

实验室编号 Lab No.	遗址Site	类型Type	年代Age (BP)	σ	矫正年代Age calibrated (BP cal)	文化时期Cultural period
Beta-515840	Taletagola	小麦	1670±30	2	1629-1522	萨珊波斯
Beta-515841	Taletagola	小麦	1650±30	2	1620-1517	萨珊波斯
Beta-515839	Kyzyl tepe	小麦	2480±30	2	2723-2431	阿契美尼德波斯
Beta-515838	Khalchayan	田紫草	2900±40	2	3164-2925	铁器时代
Beta-530014	Khalchayan	水稻	1740±30	2	1714-1756	贵霜
Beta-533104	Khalchayan	小麦	1690±30	2	1714-1756	贵霜
Beta-462797	Molali	小麦	3180±30	2	3457-3357	青铜时代晚期
Beta-519876	Djarkutan	碳屑	3700±30	2	4100-3966	青铜时代晚期

图2 青铜时代晚期至萨珊波斯时期河中地区考古遗址植物种子遗存 1-2.大麦/Hordeum vulgare; 3.青稞/Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook; 4-5.普通小麦/Triticum aestvum; 6.二粒小麦/Triticum durum; 7-8.水稻/Oryza sativa; 9-10.豌豆/Pisum sativum; 11.葡萄/Vitis vinifera; 12.骆驼刺/Alhagi sparsifolia; 13.小扁豆/Lens culinaris; 14-15.亚麻/Linum usitatissimum; 16.粟/Setaria italica; 17.黍/Panicum miliaceum;18.骆驼刺/Alhagi sparsifolia; 19. 田紫草/Lithospermum arvense; 20.拉拉藤/Galium aparine; 21-22.乌头荠/Euclidium syriacum; 23.莎草/Cyperus sp.; 24.酸模/Rumex acetosa ; 25.蓼/Polygonum sp.; 26-27. 藜/Chenopodium sp.

Fig.2 Seed remains from archaeological sites in Transoxiana

图3 青铜晚期至萨珊波斯时期河中地区主要粮食作物与果木的组分变化

Fig.3 Crop compositions changes from archaeological sites in Transoxiana

图4 青铜晚期至萨珊波斯时期河中地区大麦、小麦遗存平均长度(Y/mm)、宽度(X/mm)变化

Fig.4 Changes in average length (Y/mm) and width (X/mm) of barley and wheat remains from archaeological sites in Transoxiana

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中亚河中地区青铜时代以来绿洲农业的演化与文明的交流

Evolution of oasis agriculture and civilization exchange since the Bronze age in Transoxiana, Central Asia

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