丹江口库区梁家岗2号和东岗旧石器地点的调查与发掘

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河南淅川梁家岗2号地点和东岗地点位于丹江下游左岸第三级阶地,海拔148~160 m。2009年对两地点进行了发掘,共计揭露面积1425 m²,出土和采集石制品193件。石制品种类可分为石核、石片、石器、断块和残片。原料均取自河滩砾石,岩性主要为脉石英,少量硅质岩。基本为锤击法剥片,个别采用砸击法剥片。石制品长和宽集中在20~80 mm。石器有刮削器、尖状器、砍砸器和手斧等。石器毛坯有近一半为石片,另有一定数量的断块和石核毛坯,个别为砾石毛坯。推测遗存年代在中更新世晚期至晚更新世。

关键词: 丹江口库区, 梁家岗2号地点, 东岗地点, 石制品, 手斧

Abstract:

Danjingkou reservoir is the source of water for the Middle Route Project of the South to-North Water Diversion in China. Liangjiagang locality 2 and Donggang Paleolithic site are located on the 3^rd terrace of left bank of Danjiang River, originally discovered in 1994 and excavated in 2009. The excavation was conducted in an area of 1425 m²where 193 stone artifacts were found. The typology and technological analyses of these stone artifacts reveal that: 1) Lithic raw materials exploited at the two sites were locally available from ancient river gravels in which quartz is dominant. 2) The excavated lithic assemblage includes core, flake, chunk, and stone tool. Stone tool mainly includes scraper that makes up the largest proportion of all the stone tools, point, chopper, handaxe. 3) The flaking technique contains direct hard hammer freehand percussion and bipolar percussion. Freehand cores percussion is dominated by the double-platform and the multi-platform core reduction strategies. 4) Flake blanks were main raw material to make stone tool, other than few chunks or pebbles. Based on the geomorphology and the dating of the sediments from other sites in the Danjiangkou reservoir region, we suggest that the age of the sites is around the late stage of Middle Pleistocene to upper Pleistocene.

Key words: Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, Liangjiagang Locality 2, Donggang Locality, Stone artifacts, handaxe

中图分类号:

K871.11

李京亚, 赵静芳, 宋国定. 丹江口库区梁家岗2号和东岗旧石器地点的调查与发掘[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(01): 108-120.

LI Jingya, ZHAO Jingfang, SONG Guoding. Report of the stone artifacts from the Liangjiagang Locality 2 and the Donggang Paleolithic site in Danjiangkou reservoir region[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(01): 108-120.

图/表 10

图1 梁家岗2号地点、东岗地点地理位置图 1.东岗地点(Donggang);2.梁家岗2号地点(Liangjiagang 2)

Fig.1 Geographical location of the Liangjiagang locality 2 and Donggang locality

图2 梁家岗2号地点环境（a、b）、布方（c）、剖面（d）情况

Fig.2 The surrounding( a, b), plan of excavation squares(c), and profile(d) at the Liangjiagang locality 2

图3 梁家岗2号地点出土石制品 1. II2型石核(2009HXLJG2T36(2):001); 2、4. III型石核(2009HXLJG2T37(2):001,2009HXLJG2T33(2):001); 3、5.单直刃刮削器(2009HXLJG2T15(2):001, 2009HXLJG2T27(2):001); 6-8.单凸刃刮削器(2009HXLJG2T25(2):001, 2009HXLJG2T24(2):001, 2009HXLJG2T25(2):009); 9.正尖~尖状器(2009HXLJG2T25(2):005)

Fig.3 The stone artifacts were excavated at the Liangjiagang locality 2

图4 梁家岗2号地点砍砸器

Fig.4 The chopper at the Liangjiagang locality 2

图5 梁家岗2号地点采集石制品尺寸图

Fig.5 The size of the stone artifacts, collected from the Liangjiagang locality 2

表1 梁家岗2号地点采集石制品类型与原料

Tab.1 Typology and raw material of the lithic assemblage, collected from the Liangjiagang locality 2

类型Type		原料 Raw material				总计 Total	所占比例 Percentage
类型Type		脉石英Quartz	石英岩Quartzite	硅质灰岩 Siliceous limestone	燧石Flint	总计 Total	所占比例 Percentage
石核Cores		25	0	0	0	25	17.2%
石片Flakes		53	4	0	0	57	39.3%
石器Tools
	刮削器Scrapers	36	0	0	1	37	25.5%
	砍砸器Choppers	3	0	1	0	4	2.8%
	尖状器Point	1	0	0	0	1	0.6%
	手斧Handaxe	0	0	1	0	1	0.6%
断块Chunks		19	0	1	0	20	13.8%
总计Total		137	4	3	1	145	100%

图6 梁家岗2号地点采集石制品 1.I3型石核(2009HXLJG2C:082) ; 2. III型石核(2009HXLJG2C:014); 3. 砸击石片(2009HXLJG2C:111); 4. 直凹刃刮削器(2009HXLJG2C:001); 5. 直凸刃刮削器(2009HXLJG2C:009); 6.直刃砍砸器(2009HXLJG2C:108) ; 7.正尖尖状器(2009HXLJG2T1(1):009)

Fig.6 The stone artifacts were collected from the Liangjiagang locality 2

图7 梁家岗2号地点砍砸器、手斧 1.双刃砍砸器 (2009HXLJG2C:002) ; 2. 手斧(2009HXLJG2C:004)

Fig.7 The choppers and handaxe at the Liangjiagang locality 2

图8 东岗地点石制品 1、3. III型石核(2009HXDGT1(2):001, 2009HXDGT2(2):002);2.直凸刃砍砸器(2009HXDGC:001);4. II式石片(2009HXDGT2(2):004);5. VI式石片(2009HXDGC:002);6.双直刃刮削器(2009HXDGT1(2):002);7.单直刃刮削器(2009HXDGC:009);8. 尖状器(2009HXDGT2(2):003);9. III型石片(2009HXDGC:007)

Fig.8 Stone artifacts from the Donggang site

表2 不同遗址石器和毛坯比较

Tab.2 Comparison of tools and blank among individual sites

遗址Sites	数量Quantity	石器类型及数量Typology and quantity of tools						毛坯比例 Percentage of blank
遗址Sites	数量Quantity	石锤Harmers	刮削器 Scrapers	砍砸器Choppers	手镐 Picks	手斧 Handaxes	尖状器Points	毛坯比例 Percentage of blank
彭家河遗址	25	0	3	14	8	0	0	砾石60%,片状12%
果茶场II遗址	22	0	13	5	1	3	0	石片毛坯为主
北泰山庙遗址	55	1	19	25	7	0	3	砾石56.4%,片状40%
坑南遗址北区	37	1	21	8	0	1	6	砾石14%,片状69%

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