人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (01): 96-107.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0004
收稿日期:
2020-04-30
出版日期:
2022-02-15
发布日期:
2021-04-09
通讯作者:
吴倩
作者简介:
王宁,讲师,主要从事科技考古研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
WANG Ning1(), SANG Zhecheng1,2, LIU Xiaobin1, WU Qian3()
Received:
2020-04-30
Online:
2022-02-15
Published:
2021-04-09
Contact:
WU Qian
摘要:
农业经济的发展是华夏文明形成的最重要的前提条件之一,郑洛地区作为夏商王朝建都和统治的核心区域,其农业经济发展状况一直是学术界研究的重点问题。相关研究表明,多品种农作物种植制度在龙山时期中原地区的出现,在华夏文明的形成过程中可能起到了至关重要的作用。为了探索这一种植制度在商代前期中原地区的具体实践情况,本文选取河南新郑望京楼遗址夏商时期(二里头文化和二里岗文化时期)29例先民肢骨和23例先民肋骨进行C、N稳定同位素分析。结果表明,先民骨胶原的δ13C值变化范围为-18.1‰~7.0‰,平均值为-9.5‰±2.1‰(n=52),δ15N值变化范围为7.3‰~10.5‰,平均值为8.9‰±0.7‰(n=52),先民仍以C4类食物(粟黍)为主,但是也包含少量C3类(水稻、小麦或大豆)食物,证明中原地区自龙山时代出现的多品种农作物种植制度,在商代得以延续,但是粟作农业的主导地位,始终未发生明显变化,这可能与中原地区长期以来的旱作农业经济模式习惯有关。
中图分类号:
王宁, 桑哲成, 刘效彬, 吴倩. 商代前期中原地区多品种农作物种植制度的初探:以河南新郑望京楼遗址为例[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(01): 96-107.
WANG Ning, SANG Zhecheng, LIU Xiaobin, WU Qian. A preliminary study of the multi-crops planting system in the central plains of the early Shang Dynasty: Taking the Wangjinglou site in Xinzheng of Henan as an example[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(01): 96-107.
图1 新郑望京楼和相关遗址的位置示意图 1.南城 Nancheng; 2.殷墟Yinxu; 3.刘庄 Liuzhuang; 4.二里头Erlitou; 5.南寨Nanzhai; 6.偃师商城 Yanshishangcheng;7.南洼 Nanwa; 8.小双桥Xiaoshuangqiao; 9.新砦 Xinzhai
Fig.1 The location of the Wangjinglou site and related sites
序号/ No. | 墓葬编号/Tomb No. | 分期/ Period | 年龄/ Age | 年龄(中位数)/Age(median) | 性别/Gender | 骨骼类型/Bone type | δ13C | δ15N | C含量 | N含量 | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M1 | 上层一期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.4‰ | 19.78% | 7.30% | 3.2 |
2 | M2 | 上层一期 | 未知年龄-壮年 | — | 女 | 肢骨 | -11.1‰ | 7.9‰ | 36.44% | 13.43% | 3.2 |
3 | M3 | 上层一期 | 45-50 | 47.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.7‰ | 8.3‰ | 42.23% | 15.63% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.8‰ | 8.5‰ | 44.50% | 15.95% | 3.3 | ||||||
4 | M4 | 上层一期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -11.3‰ | 9.9‰ | 35.89% | 13.39% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -9.5‰ | 9.8‰ | 44.58% | 16.23% | 3.2 | ||||||
5 | M9 | 下层二期 | 45 | 45 | 男 | 肋骨 | -7.4‰ | 10.1‰ | 44.75% | 16.27% | 3.2 |
6 | M10 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.9‰ | 9.1‰ | 43.57% | 16.05% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.8‰ | 8.9‰ | 41.09% | 15.08% | 3.2 | ||||||
7 | M12 | 上层一期 | 30 | 30 | 男 | 肢骨 | -8.4‰ | 9.6‰ | 42.96% | 15.75% | 3.2 |
8 | M14 | 下层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.3‰ | 7.5‰ | 41.70% | 15.58% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -9.2‰ | 7.8‰ | 44.06% | 16.36% | 3.1 | ||||||
9 | M15 | 上层二期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -10.4‰ | 9.2‰ | 37.27% | 13.37% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -7.5‰ | 9.0‰ | 43.30% | 15.70% | 3.2 | ||||||
10 | M19 | 上层一期 | 40 | 40 | 女 | 肢骨 | -10.1‰ | 8.9‰ | 38.20% | 14.15% | 3.2 |
11 | M20 | 下层二期 | 25-30 | 27.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.1‰ | 9.2‰ | 44.05% | 16.08% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.3‰ | 9.2‰ | 44.52% | 16.23% | 3.2 | ||||||
12 | M21 | 下层二期 | 40 | 40 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.7‰ | 8.8‰ | 43.46% | 15.82% | 3.2 |
13 | M22 | 上层二期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.1‰ | 7.9‰ | 48.19% | 17.84% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.6‰ | 8.2‰ | 43.25% | 15.99% | 3.2 | ||||||
14 | M24 | 下层二期 | 30-40 | 35 | 男 | 肢骨 | -8.6‰ | 9.6‰ | 39.66% | 14.23% | 3.3 |
15 | M25 | 下层二期 | 未知年龄-壮年 | — | 女 | 肢骨 | -7.9‰ | 9.5‰ | 42.88% | 15.61% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.0‰ | 9.2‰ | 42.24% | 15.24% | 3.2 | ||||||
16 | M30 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肋骨 | -9.0‰ | 8.5‰ | 44.29% | 16.00% | 3.2 |
17 | M31 | 上层二期 | 35 | 35 | 男 | 肢骨 | -9.4‰ | 9.5‰ | 33.10% | 12.10% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 9.6‰ | 44.69% | 16.27% | 3.2 | ||||||
18 | M32 | 上层二期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.1‰ | 9.6‰ | 43.48% | 16.03% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -10.1‰ | 10.0‰ | 41.83% | 14.99% | 3.3 | ||||||
19 | M40 | 下层二期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.6‰ | 8.9‰ | 42.36% | 15.32% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.4‰ | 9.0‰ | 39.61% | 14.39% | 3.2 | ||||||
20 | M45 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.3‰ | 7.3‰ | 44.29% | 16.00% | 3.2 |
21 | M48 | 上层一期 | 6-8 | 7 | ? | 肢骨 | -10.7‰ | 7.9‰ | 40.42% | 14.51% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.1‰ | 38.66% | 14.18% | 3.2 | ||||||
22 | M50 | 下层二期 | 10-13 | 11.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.4‰ | 40.34% | 14.69% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -10.2‰ | 8.0‰ | 44.48% | 16.18% | 3.2 | ||||||
23 | M52 | 下层二期 | 40 | 40 | 男 | 肢骨 | -9.4‰ | 8.4‰ | 44.09% | 16.34% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 8.3‰ | 41.75% | 15.36% | 3.2 | ||||||
24 | M53 | 上层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -8.6‰ | 8.4‰ | 42.33% | 15.10% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -8.7‰ | 8.5‰ | 43.83% | 16.31% | 3.1 | ||||||
25 | M54 | 下层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -10.6‰ | 9.8‰ | 39.25% | 14.57% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -7.9‰ | 9.7‰ | 43.64% | 16.02% | 3.2 | ||||||
26 | M55 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -18.1‰ | 10.5‰ | 43.50% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -13.1‰ | 9.6‰ | 43.13% | 15.91% | 3.2 | ||||||
27 | M56 | 下层二期 | 2-3 | 2.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -13.7‰ | 8.7‰ | 43.78% | 16.40% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -13.6‰ | 8.9‰ | 43.50% | 15.90% | 3.2 | ||||||
28 | M57 | 下层二期 | 5-6 | 5.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -12.8‰ | 8.6‰ | 42.40% | 15.77% | 3.1 |
29 | M58 | 上层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.8‰ | 8.2‰ | 42.99% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.5‰ | 9.2‰ | 43.51% | 15.70% | 3.2 | ||||||
30 | M62 | 上层二期 | 25-30 | 27.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.0‰ | 9.6‰ | 42.99% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 9.5‰ | 44.49% | 16.28% | 3.2 | ||||||
31 | M64 | 下层二期 | 26-28 | 27 | 女 | 肢骨 | -8.8‰ | 9.2‰ | 38.22% | 14.11% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.0‰ | 9.2‰ | 41.91% | 15.26% | 3.2 |
表1 望京楼遗址人骨样品的同位素数据和详细信息
Tab.1 Isotopic information and details of human bone from Wangjinglou site
序号/ No. | 墓葬编号/Tomb No. | 分期/ Period | 年龄/ Age | 年龄(中位数)/Age(median) | 性别/Gender | 骨骼类型/Bone type | δ13C | δ15N | C含量 | N含量 | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M1 | 上层一期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.4‰ | 19.78% | 7.30% | 3.2 |
2 | M2 | 上层一期 | 未知年龄-壮年 | — | 女 | 肢骨 | -11.1‰ | 7.9‰ | 36.44% | 13.43% | 3.2 |
3 | M3 | 上层一期 | 45-50 | 47.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.7‰ | 8.3‰ | 42.23% | 15.63% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.8‰ | 8.5‰ | 44.50% | 15.95% | 3.3 | ||||||
4 | M4 | 上层一期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -11.3‰ | 9.9‰ | 35.89% | 13.39% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -9.5‰ | 9.8‰ | 44.58% | 16.23% | 3.2 | ||||||
5 | M9 | 下层二期 | 45 | 45 | 男 | 肋骨 | -7.4‰ | 10.1‰ | 44.75% | 16.27% | 3.2 |
6 | M10 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.9‰ | 9.1‰ | 43.57% | 16.05% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.8‰ | 8.9‰ | 41.09% | 15.08% | 3.2 | ||||||
7 | M12 | 上层一期 | 30 | 30 | 男 | 肢骨 | -8.4‰ | 9.6‰ | 42.96% | 15.75% | 3.2 |
8 | M14 | 下层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.3‰ | 7.5‰ | 41.70% | 15.58% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -9.2‰ | 7.8‰ | 44.06% | 16.36% | 3.1 | ||||||
9 | M15 | 上层二期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -10.4‰ | 9.2‰ | 37.27% | 13.37% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -7.5‰ | 9.0‰ | 43.30% | 15.70% | 3.2 | ||||||
10 | M19 | 上层一期 | 40 | 40 | 女 | 肢骨 | -10.1‰ | 8.9‰ | 38.20% | 14.15% | 3.2 |
11 | M20 | 下层二期 | 25-30 | 27.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.1‰ | 9.2‰ | 44.05% | 16.08% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.3‰ | 9.2‰ | 44.52% | 16.23% | 3.2 | ||||||
12 | M21 | 下层二期 | 40 | 40 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.7‰ | 8.8‰ | 43.46% | 15.82% | 3.2 |
13 | M22 | 上层二期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.1‰ | 7.9‰ | 48.19% | 17.84% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.6‰ | 8.2‰ | 43.25% | 15.99% | 3.2 | ||||||
14 | M24 | 下层二期 | 30-40 | 35 | 男 | 肢骨 | -8.6‰ | 9.6‰ | 39.66% | 14.23% | 3.3 |
15 | M25 | 下层二期 | 未知年龄-壮年 | — | 女 | 肢骨 | -7.9‰ | 9.5‰ | 42.88% | 15.61% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.0‰ | 9.2‰ | 42.24% | 15.24% | 3.2 | ||||||
16 | M30 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肋骨 | -9.0‰ | 8.5‰ | 44.29% | 16.00% | 3.2 |
17 | M31 | 上层二期 | 35 | 35 | 男 | 肢骨 | -9.4‰ | 9.5‰ | 33.10% | 12.10% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 9.6‰ | 44.69% | 16.27% | 3.2 | ||||||
18 | M32 | 上层二期 | 40-45 | 42.5 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.1‰ | 9.6‰ | 43.48% | 16.03% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -10.1‰ | 10.0‰ | 41.83% | 14.99% | 3.3 | ||||||
19 | M40 | 下层二期 | 35-40 | 37.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.6‰ | 8.9‰ | 42.36% | 15.32% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.4‰ | 9.0‰ | 39.61% | 14.39% | 3.2 | ||||||
20 | M45 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -9.3‰ | 7.3‰ | 44.29% | 16.00% | 3.2 |
21 | M48 | 上层一期 | 6-8 | 7 | ? | 肢骨 | -10.7‰ | 7.9‰ | 40.42% | 14.51% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.1‰ | 38.66% | 14.18% | 3.2 | ||||||
22 | M50 | 下层二期 | 10-13 | 11.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -10.8‰ | 8.4‰ | 40.34% | 14.69% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -10.2‰ | 8.0‰ | 44.48% | 16.18% | 3.2 | ||||||
23 | M52 | 下层二期 | 40 | 40 | 男 | 肢骨 | -9.4‰ | 8.4‰ | 44.09% | 16.34% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 8.3‰ | 41.75% | 15.36% | 3.2 | ||||||
24 | M53 | 上层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -8.6‰ | 8.4‰ | 42.33% | 15.10% | 3.3 |
肋骨 | -8.7‰ | 8.5‰ | 43.83% | 16.31% | 3.1 | ||||||
25 | M54 | 下层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -10.6‰ | 9.8‰ | 39.25% | 14.57% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -7.9‰ | 9.7‰ | 43.64% | 16.02% | 3.2 | ||||||
26 | M55 | 下层二期 | 30 | 30 | 女 | 肢骨 | -18.1‰ | 10.5‰ | 43.50% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -13.1‰ | 9.6‰ | 43.13% | 15.91% | 3.2 | ||||||
27 | M56 | 下层二期 | 2-3 | 2.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -13.7‰ | 8.7‰ | 43.78% | 16.40% | 3.1 |
肋骨 | -13.6‰ | 8.9‰ | 43.50% | 15.90% | 3.2 | ||||||
28 | M57 | 下层二期 | 5-6 | 5.5 | ? | 肢骨 | -12.8‰ | 8.6‰ | 42.40% | 15.77% | 3.1 |
29 | M58 | 上层二期 | 30-35 | 32.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.8‰ | 8.2‰ | 42.99% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -7.5‰ | 9.2‰ | 43.51% | 15.70% | 3.2 | ||||||
30 | M62 | 上层二期 | 25-30 | 27.5 | 男 | 肢骨 | -7.0‰ | 9.6‰ | 42.99% | 15.87% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -8.9‰ | 9.5‰ | 44.49% | 16.28% | 3.2 | ||||||
31 | M64 | 下层二期 | 26-28 | 27 | 女 | 肢骨 | -8.8‰ | 9.2‰ | 38.22% | 14.11% | 3.2 |
肋骨 | -9.0‰ | 9.2‰ | 41.91% | 15.26% | 3.2 |
遗址/Sites | 时代/Period | 绝对年代/Absolute age | 数量/ n0 | δ13C 值分布/n | 参考文献 References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<-18‰ | -18‰~ -12‰ | >-12‰ | |||||
新砦 | 夏代早期 | 约1850-1750BC | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | [ |
南寨 | 夏代中晚期 | 约2070-1600BC | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | [ |
二里头 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 22 | 0 | 2 | 20 | [ |
南洼 | 夏代-商代晚期 | 约2070-1046BC | 19 | 0 | 0 | 19 | [ |
刘庄 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 21 | 0 | 2 | 19 | [ |
南城 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | [ |
偃师商城 | 商代早期-中期 | 约1600-1250BC | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | [ |
小双桥 | 商代中期 | 约1400-1250BC | 51 | 0 | 4 | 47 | [ |
殷墟 | 商代晚期 | 约1250-1046BC | 160 | 1 | 1 | 158 | [ |
望京楼 | 夏代-商代早期 | 约2070-1300BC | 30 | 0 | 5 | 47 | 本研究 |
总数 | 328 | 1 | 14 | 335 |
表2 中原地区夏商时期先民C同位素统计表
Tab.2 δ13C of human in the Central Plains during the Xia and Shang Dynasty
遗址/Sites | 时代/Period | 绝对年代/Absolute age | 数量/ n0 | δ13C 值分布/n | 参考文献 References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<-18‰ | -18‰~ -12‰ | >-12‰ | |||||
新砦 | 夏代早期 | 约1850-1750BC | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | [ |
南寨 | 夏代中晚期 | 约2070-1600BC | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | [ |
二里头 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 22 | 0 | 2 | 20 | [ |
南洼 | 夏代-商代晚期 | 约2070-1046BC | 19 | 0 | 0 | 19 | [ |
刘庄 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 21 | 0 | 2 | 19 | [ |
南城 | 夏代 | 约2070-1600BC | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | [ |
偃师商城 | 商代早期-中期 | 约1600-1250BC | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | [ |
小双桥 | 商代中期 | 约1400-1250BC | 51 | 0 | 4 | 47 | [ |
殷墟 | 商代晚期 | 约1250-1046BC | 160 | 1 | 1 | 158 | [ |
望京楼 | 夏代-商代早期 | 约2070-1300BC | 30 | 0 | 5 | 47 | 本研究 |
总数 | 328 | 1 | 14 | 335 |
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