哈民忙哈遗址人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

哈民忙哈遗址是迄今为止内蒙古乃至东北地区发现面积最大的一处史前聚落遗址,为重建当时的生产和生活情况、文化习俗甚至思想观念等都提供了弥足珍贵的实物资料。其中,重建该遗址先民的食物结构和生业经济,有助于揭示哈民忙哈遗址产生和兴盛的动因及科尔沁沙地史前文化的变迁过程。目前,多学科的研究成果已经初步显示哈民忙哈遗址先民的生业经济具有多样性,但各种生业模式的比重以及是否存在家畜饲养等问题还缺乏相应的了解。本文对该遗址87例人骨与18例动物骨骼进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,还原了人和动物的食物结构及生业经济面貌。结果显示,陆生野生动物的食物结构主要基于C₃植物类食物和少量的C₄农作物,而犬科动物则体现出家养动物的食谱特性：食物主要依赖C₄食物和人类食物残羹。C₄类粟黍农作物和以此饲喂的动物是该遗址先民的主要食物来源,其中粟黍农作物在食物结构中的地位尤其重要。在该遗址中,女性摄入相对较多的粟黍和相对较少的肉类,与男性在食物结构上存在显著差异。农耕、家畜饲养是先民最重要的经济行为,狩猎、渔猎和采集是生业的重要补充。

关键词: 哈民忙哈遗址, C、N稳定同位素, 食物结构, 性别差异, 生业经济

Abstract:

The Haminmangha site is located in Kezuozhongqi, Inner Mongolia, China, and belongs to the middle Neolithic culture. Its discovery contributes to the revelation of motivation of Haminmangha culture’s development, and the same goes for the restoration of vicissitude process of prehistorical culture in Horqin sandy land. For this reason, trying to reconstruct the living subsistence economy of these ancient people and make the results helpful to summarize the cultural status is an important part of understanding this site. At present, we already have the related results by using methods such as Archaeobotany, Zooarchaeology and dental microwear analyses. Through them we can be preliminarily showed by the subsistence economy status of ancient people in Haminmangha site. However, limited to the methods themselves, it still can’t be told that how the millet farming, hunting, fishing and gathering share the proportion of subsistence economy in Haminmangha site. Beyond that, we also need to figure out whether the livestock raising exist at that time. In order to explore the explanation of those questions, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis were performed on 87 human bones and 18 animal bones from Haminmangha site. The results show that: human of this site got a wide range of δ¹³C with the value as -14.0‰~-9.0‰ and the average as -11.0‰±1.0‰; the range of δ¹⁵N value is as 8.6‰~11.4‰, the average is as 9.5‰±0.5‰. The results show that diet of wild terrestrial animals was almost based on C₃ plants, while Canidae were fed a fodder with millet and leftovers from human. Human ate a similar, mixed diet with and C₄ plants (millet) and meat come from Canidae. Isotope data shows a significant negative correlation between δ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N of human, suggests an important status of wild terrestrial meat in the diet. Females consumed relatively more millet and less meat, differing significantly from males in terms of food composition. For living subsistence, hunting and farming were of the most important, with fishing and gathering as important supplements. Besides, there was a livestock raising behavior in this site, which took the Canidae as the object.

Key words: Haminmangha site, Stable isotopes, Diet structure, Sex differences, Living subsistence

中图分类号:

Q983

张全超, 孙语泽, 侯亮亮, 吉平, 朱永刚. 哈民忙哈遗址人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(02): 261-273.

ZHANG Quanchao, SUN Yuze, HOU Liangliang, JI Ping, ZHU Yonggang. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of the human and animal bones from the Haminmangha site[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 261-273.

图/表 6

参考文献 36

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序号No.^a	实验编号Lab. No.	遗址编号Location	种属 Species^b	C(%)	N(%)	C/N	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)
1	哈动160	H23:6	雉	42.0%	15.1%	3.2	-16.7	6.3
2	哈动161	H25:21	雉	40.8%	14.6%	3.3	-16.9	5.1
3	哈动162	F21(1):51	牛	37.6%	13.6%	3.2	-18.4	4.8
4	哈动163	T011070:2	牛	34.0%	12.3%	3.2	-15.9	7.2
5	哈动164	F21(1):1	牛	41.5%	15.2%	3.2	-16.4	6.7
6	哈动165	F24T:3	猪	43.6%	15.8%	3.2	-18.7	6.1
7	哈动166	F31(1):4	猪	15.3%	4.2%	4.3	-16.9	8.8
8	哈动167	F24T:1	猪	42.2%	15.4%	3.2	-19.7	5.6
9	哈动168	F22:140	狍	11.5%	3.9%	3.4	-19.1	7.9
10	哈动169	F11	鼠	39.8%	14.4%	3.2	-17.5	4
11	哈动170	F13:99	兔	42.3%	15.4%	3.2	-17.7	4.4
12	哈动171	F11-A	狗	38.8%	14.1%	3.2	-9.9	8.3
13	哈动172	F11-B	狗	39.8%	14.5%	3.2	-9.3	8.7
14	哈动173	F50d:31	狗	5.2%	1.4%	4.2	-18.5	11.9
15	哈动174	F31(1):3	狼	3.5%	0.9%	4.4	-15.1	7.9
16	哈动175	F11-C	狗	14%	4.6%	3.6	-17.6	8.7
17	哈动176	H38:1	犬科未定种	41.5%	15.1%	3.2	-9.8	8.3
18	哈动177	F11:100	狗	42.2%	15.6%	3.2	-17.0	11.0

序号No.^a	实验编号Lab. No.	遗址编号Location	种属 Species^b	C(%)	N(%)	C/N	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)
1	哈动160	H23:6	雉	42.0%	15.1%	3.2	-16.7	6.3
2	哈动161	H25:21	雉	40.8%	14.6%	3.3	-16.9	5.1
3	哈动162	F21(1):51	牛	37.6%	13.6%	3.2	-18.4	4.8
4	哈动163	T011070:2	牛	34.0%	12.3%	3.2	-15.9	7.2
5	哈动164	F21(1):1	牛	41.5%	15.2%	3.2	-16.4	6.7
6	哈动165	F24T:3	猪	43.6%	15.8%	3.2	-18.7	6.1
7	哈动166	F31(1):4	猪	15.3%	4.2%	4.3	-16.9	8.8
8	哈动167	F24T:1	猪	42.2%	15.4%	3.2	-19.7	5.6
9	哈动168	F22:140	狍	11.5%	3.9%	3.4	-19.1	7.9
10	哈动169	F11	鼠	39.8%	14.4%	3.2	-17.5	4
11	哈动170	F13:99	兔	42.3%	15.4%	3.2	-17.7	4.4
12	哈动171	F11-A	狗	38.8%	14.1%	3.2	-9.9	8.3
13	哈动172	F11-B	狗	39.8%	14.5%	3.2	-9.3	8.7
14	哈动173	F50d:31	狗	5.2%	1.4%	4.2	-18.5	11.9
15	哈动174	F31(1):3	狼	3.5%	0.9%	4.4	-15.1	7.9
16	哈动175	F11-C	狗	14%	4.6%	3.6	-17.6	8.7
17	哈动176	H38:1	犬科未定种	41.5%	15.1%	3.2	-9.8	8.3
18	哈动177	F11:100	狗	42.2%	15.6%	3.2	-17.0	11.0

种属Species ^a		雉	牛	猪	鼠	兔	狗	犬科未定种
n		2	3	2	1	1	3	1
δ¹³C‰	均值与标准偏差±σ	-16.8‰±0.1‰	-16.9‰±1.3‰	-19.2‰±0.7‰	-17.5‰	-17.7‰	-12.1‰±4.3‰	-9.8‰
	最小-最大值Min-Max	-16.9‰~-16.7‰	-18.4‰~-15.9‰	-19.7‰~-18.7‰			-17.0‰~-9.3‰
	人-动物 human-animal	5.8‰	5.9‰	8.2‰	6.5‰	6.7‰	1.1‰	-1.2‰
δ¹³N‰	均值与标准偏差±σ	5.7‰±0.8‰	6.2‰±1.3‰	5.9‰±0.4‰	4.0‰	4.4‰	9.3±1.5‰	8.3‰
	最小-最大值Min-Max	5.1‰~6.3‰	4.8‰~7.2‰	5.6‰~6.1‰			8.3‰~11.0‰
	人-动物 human-animal	3.8‰	3.3‰	3.7‰	5.5‰	5.1‰	0.2‰	1.2‰

种属Species ^a		雉	牛	猪	鼠	兔	狗	犬科未定种
n		2	3	2	1	1	3	1
δ¹³C‰	均值与标准偏差±σ	-16.8‰±0.1‰	-16.9‰±1.3‰	-19.2‰±0.7‰	-17.5‰	-17.7‰	-12.1‰±4.3‰	-9.8‰
	最小-最大值Min-Max	-16.9‰~-16.7‰	-18.4‰~-15.9‰	-19.7‰~-18.7‰			-17.0‰~-9.3‰
	人-动物 human-animal	5.8‰	5.9‰	8.2‰	6.5‰	6.7‰	1.1‰	-1.2‰
δ¹³N‰	均值与标准偏差±σ	5.7‰±0.8‰	6.2‰±1.3‰	5.9‰±0.4‰	4.0‰	4.4‰	9.3±1.5‰	8.3‰
	最小-最大值Min-Max	5.1‰~6.3‰	4.8‰~7.2‰	5.6‰~6.1‰			8.3‰~11.0‰
	人-动物 human-animal	3.8‰	3.3‰	3.7‰	5.5‰	5.1‰	0.2‰	1.2‰

序号No.	实验编号Lab. No.	遗址编号Location	性别Sex	年龄Age	C(%)	N(%)	C/N	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)
1	NKH215	F32-1	/	未成年subadult	45.9%	15.9%	3.4	-9.9	11.4
2	NKH194	F32-2	男male	25±	45.7%	15.8%	3.4	-11.2	9.9
3	NKH218	F37-1	女female	未成年subadult	43.9%	15.2%	3.4	-9.6	9.0
4	NKH170	F37-5	男male	成年adult	44.3%	15.2%	3.4	-12.0	9.3
5	NKH202	F37-6	男male	25±	40.1%	13.6%	3.5	-10.5	9.8
6	NKH161	F40-1	/	/	41.8%	14.2%	3.4	-11.2	9.8
7	NKH131	F40-2	/	/	44.9%	15.4%	3.4	-10.1	9.2
8	NKH137	F40-3	男male	20-25	28.1%	9.4%	3.5	-11.8	9.6
9	NKH177	F40-3	/	/	39.8%	13.6%	3.4	-10.8	9.5
10	NKH184	F40-4	/	/	39.8%	13.6%	3.4	-12.0	10.2
11	NKH169	F40-5	男male	30±	43.7%	14.9%	3.4	-10.8	10.2
12	NKH132	F40-6	女female	/	43.0%	14.6%	3.4	-9.7	9.6
13	NKH152	F40-7	男male	30±	39.2%	13.3%	3.4	-12.2	9.7
14	NKH183	F40-9	男male	25-30	42.4%	14.5%	3.4	-12.2	9.5
15	NKH209	F40-10	男male	35±	38.0%	12.9%	3.4	-11.4	10.0
16	NKH180	F40-11	女female	30±	35.6%	12.1%	3.4	-10.7	8.6
17	NKH176	F40-12	女female	35±	42.6%	14.6%	3.4	-10.6	8.8
18	NKH143	F40-13	男male	40±	42.6%	14.6%	3.4	-10.0	9.4
19	NKH157	F40-14	男male	30±	40.6%	13.8%	3.4	-12.5	9.6
20	NKH163	F40-15	女female	25-30	43.9%	15.0%	3.4	-10.3	9.0
21	NKH165	F40-16	男male	30±	42.2%	14.4%	3.4	-10.5	8.8
22	NKH196	F40-17	女female	20-25	43.3%	14.8%	3.4	-10.0	9.1
23	NKH156	F40-18	女female	25-30	40.3%	13.8%	3.4	-11.3	10.0
24	NKH158	F40-22	男male	30-35	39.9%	13.6%	3.4	-10.3	9.2
25	NKH166	F40-23	男male	35-40	43.7%	15.1%	3.4	-12.8	10.4
26	NKH153	F40-24	女female	30±	42.0%	14.4%	3.4	-10.4	8.9
27	NKH164	F40-25	男male	25±	43.7%	14.9%	3.4	-11.7	9.5
28	NKH141	F40-26	男male	30±	43.0%	14.7%	3.4	-9.8	9.1
29	NKH182	F40-27	女female	25±	43.2%	14.8%	3.4	-10.1	9.4
30	NKH213	F40-28	/	未成年subadult	24.7%	8.4%	3.4	-10.0	9.3
31	NKH214	F40-29	女female	25-30	40.7%	13.8%	3.5	-12.0	9.6
32	NKH138	F40-31	女female	25-30	44.1%	15.1%	3.4	-10.8	10.0
33	NKH192	F40-31	男male	30±	44.3%	15.2%	3.4	-12.4	10.6
34	NKH142	F40-32	女female	25±	39.0%	13.1%	3.5	-10.8	9.1
35	NKH149	F40-34	男male	20±	41.8%	14.3%	3.4	-10.4	9.3
36	NKH174	F40-36	/	/	43.1%	14.7%	3.4	-12.3	9.7
37	NKH181	F40-38	男male	25±	41.9%	14.2%	3.5	-12.2	9.7
38	NKH186	F40-38	男male	30±	45.2%	15.6%	3.4	-11.9	10.0
39	NKH185	F40-40	女female	20±	44.9%	15.6%	3.4	-10.1	9.3
40	NKH189	F40-41	女female	30±	30.0%	10.1%	3.5	-10.9	9.3
41	NKH173	F40-43	男male	30±	42.5%	14.4%	3.4	-11.9	9.6
42	NKH159	F40-44	男male	35±	41.9%	14.2%	3.5	-10.1	9.4
43	NKH172	F40-45	女female	20-25	42.0%	14.3%	3.4	-10.8	9.5
44	NKH212	F40-46	/	未成年subadult	42.7%	14.5%	3.4	-12.3	9.2
45	NKH167	F40-47	女female	25±	39.8%	13.7%	3.4	-10.0	9.1
46	NKH171	F40-48	男male	25.0	42.7%	14.5%	3.4	-10.5	9.0
47	NKH217	F40-50	/	未成年subadult	43.9%	15.0%	3.4	-9.5	9.4
48	NKH146	F40-52	男male	30-35	43.0%	14.8%	3.4	-10.1	8.8
49	NKH168	F40-53	男male	30±	44.1%	15.0%	3.4	-10.6	9.1
50	NKH145	F40-54	男male	35±	41.7%	14.2%	3.4	-9.6	9.3
51	NKH216	F40-55	/	14±	45.0%	15.5%	3.4	-10.0	9.2
52	NKH150	F40-56	男male	35-40	44.5%	15.2%	3.4	-11.3	9.6
53	NKH155	F40-57	男male	30±	39.4%	13.3%	3.4	-11.2	10.0
54	NKH144	F40-58	男male	35-40	46.4%	16.0%	3.4	-11.4	10.1
55	NKH191	F40-59	女female	25±	40.3%	13.7%	3.4	-11.2	9.9
56	NKH188	F40-61	女female	成年adult	43.2%	14.6%	3.5	-11.6	10.0
57	NKH151	F40-62	/	/	44.2%	15.0%	3.4	-10.8	8.8
58	NKH160	F40-63	男male	30±	40.3%	13.7%	3.4	-12.1	9.8
59	NKH207	F40-64	男male	成年adult	38.1%	12.9%	3.4	-11.5	9.3
60	NKH139	F40-65	男male	成年adult	41.7%	14.4%	3.4	-9.4	8.8
61	NKH154	F40-66	/	成年adult	45.5%	15.7%	3.4	-9.5	9.0
62	NKH175	F40-M:1	男male	30-35	42.6%	14.5%	3.4	-11.3	9.2
63	NKH198	F44	男male	25-30	45.7%	15.8%	3.4	-12.2	9.9
64	NKH204	F44	男male	30±	44.9%	15.5%	3.4	-12.4	10.0
65	NKH206	F44:1	/	/	39.5%	13.6%	3.4	-9.9	9.1
66	NKH195	F44:2	/	/	44.6%	15.3%	3.4	-11.9	9.8
67	NKH203	F44:4	/	/	45.1%	15.4%	3.4	-11.2	9.7
68	NKH190	F44:6	/	/	44.9%	15.4%	3.4	-9.6	8.6
69	NKH197	F44-3	女female	30-35	41.1%	14.2%	3.4	-9.0	9.2
70	NKH148	F44-5	男male	30-35	42.2%	14.4%	3.4	-11.1	9.8
71	NKH211	F44-8	男male	30±	43.1%	14.9%	3.4	-10.3	9.5
72	NKH205	F44-9	男male	30±	44.1%	15.2%	3.4	-10.4	9.5
73	NKH178	F46	/	成年adult	44.4%	15.2%	3.4	-10.1	9.2
74	NKH133	F46:1	/	/	43.8%	15.2%	3.4	-9.3	9.2
75	NKH201	F46:2	/	/	39.1%	13.3%	3.4	-11.4	9.7
76	NKH187	F46:5	/	/	43.0%	14.8%	3.4	-10.8	9.0
77	NKH193	F46-1	男male	成年adult	43.6%	14.9%	3.4	-11.8	9.5
78	NKH200	F46-2	女female	25-30	22.1%	7.4%	3.5	-11.6	9.6
79	NKH210	F46-3	女female	25±	38.8%	13.2%	3.4	-11.7	9.4
80	NKH208	F46-4	男male	30±	37.0%	11.9%	3.6	-11.6	9.4
81	NKH136	F47	男male	/	44.2%	15.1%	3.4	-14.0	9.7
82	NKH162	F47:2	/	/	42.5%	14.6%	3.4	-13.7	9.6
83	NKH134	F47:4	/	/	43.4%	14.9%	3.4	-11.9	10.1
84	NKH140	F100-30	男male	30±	44.4%	15.1%	3.4	-13.0	10.3
85	NKH147	M12:4	男male	35-40	41.7%	14.2%	3.4	-11.0	9.5
86	NKH135	M侧身曲肢side-flexed	女female	未成年subadult	39.0%	13.2%	3.5	-12.4	9.3
87	NKH199	G2-1	/	/	45.0%	15.5%	3.4	-10.5	9.5