秦岭汉江流域新发现旧石器遗址的地层与释光年代

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0037

人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (02): 319-333.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0037cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0037

秦岭汉江流域新发现旧石器遗址的地层与释光年代

郭小奇¹(), 孙雪峰¹(), 王社江²^,³, 徐行华¹, 曾琼萱¹, 鹿艺鸣¹, 鹿化煜¹

1.南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京,210023
2.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
3.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044

收稿日期:2020-11-26 修回日期:2021-01-20 出版日期:2022-04-15 发布日期:2022-04-13
通讯作者: 孙雪峰
作者简介:郭小奇,女,硕士,主要从事旧石器遗址点的光释光测年研究,E-mail: mg1827003@smail.nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41972185);国家社科基金重大项目(19ZDA225);郑州大学“中华文明根系研究”(XKZDJC202006)

Pedostratigraphy and luminescence dating of the newly discovered Paleolithic sites along the Hanjiang River Valley, Central China

GUO Xiaoqi¹(), SUN Xuefeng¹(), WANG Shejiang²^,³, XU Xinghua¹, ZENG Qiongxuan¹, LU Yiming¹, LU Huayu¹

1. School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023
2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044

Received:2020-11-26 Revised:2021-01-20 Online:2022-04-15 Published:2022-04-13
Contact: SUN Xuefeng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

汉江流域旧石器时代文化遗存丰富,南方砾石石器工业和北方小石片石器工业类型的遗存并存,对研究中国南北旧石器文化交流和发展演化具有重要的意义。2016-2018年夏天,我们在汉江流域进行野外调查,新发现十个含更新世晚期旧石器遗存的地点,利用热转移光释光（TT-OSL）方法对各遗址的地层进行了测年。测年结果表明,这几处旧石器地点的古人类活动主要发生在距今20-5万年之间,涵盖了L₂、S₁和L₁三个阶段,与之前汉江流域第二级阶地发现的旧石器遗址年代基本一致。新发现的十个旧石器地点丰富了汉水流域旧石器遗存,为进一步研究该区域古人类旧石器遗址年代学和石器技术提供了新的材料。

关键词: 秦岭地区, 汉江流域, 旧石器, 二级阶地, 热转移光释光

Abstract:

The Hanjiang River Valley have abundant Paleolithic sites. The coexistence of the cobble-tool and the small flake-tool industriesis of considerable significance for the study of the exchange and integration of the Paleolithic industry between North and South China. Field surveys carried out along the Hanjiang River Valley in the summers of 2016-2018 and revealed 10 Paleolithic sites in the late Pleistocene. Thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) is used to date samples from each site. According to the dating results, the hominin activities in these sites mainly occurred between 200-50 kaBP, covering three stages of L₂, S₁, and L₁. Findings are basically consistent with the previous Paleolithic assemblages found in the second terrace of the Hanjiang River Valley. The study of these 10 Paleolithic sites enriches data of Paleolithic chronology, technology, and human activities in the southern Qinling Mountains, Central China.

Key words: Qinling Mountains, Hanjiang River Valley, Paleolithic, Second terrace, TT-OSL

中图分类号:

K871.11
P533

郭小奇, 孙雪峰, 王社江, 徐行华, 曾琼萱, 鹿艺鸣, 鹿化煜. 秦岭汉江流域新发现旧石器遗址的地层与释光年代[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(02): 319-333.

GUO Xiaoqi, SUN Xuefeng, WANG Shejiang, XU Xinghua, ZENG Qiongxuan, LU Yiming, LU Huayu. Pedostratigraphy and luminescence dating of the newly discovered Paleolithic sites along the Hanjiang River Valley, Central China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 319-333.

图/表 8

图1 2016-2018年汉江流域新发现的旧石器地点注：红色方块表示本研究中的遗址点,黑色方块表示研究区内其他相关的遗址点

Fig.1 Newly discovered Paleolithic sites in the Hanjiang River Valley from 2016 to 2018 Red squares represent the Paleolithic sites in this study, while black squares represent other relevant Paleolithic sites in the study area

图2 汉江流域十个旧石器地点野外地层示意图 1.杨家坪（Yangjiaping）;2.梁山村（Liangshancun）;3.二里沟（Erligou）;4.联丰-1（Lianfeng-1）;5.联丰-2（Lianfeng-2）;6.金矿村-2（Jinkuangcun-2）;7.金矿村-3（Jinkuangcun-3）;8.池河-1（Chihe-1）;9.池河-2（Chihe-2）;10.曲家河（Qujiahe）

Fig.2 Pedostratigraphy of ten Paleolithic sites in the Hanjiang River Valley

图3 杨家坪等10个遗址地点的典型旧石器制品 a.杨家坪(Yangjiaping; 1. YJP-3; 2. YJP-7; 3. YJP-12; 4. YJP-13; 5. YJP-17; 6. YJP-22);b.联丰-1(Lianfeng-1; 1. LF1-2; 2. LF1-3; 3. LF1-7; 4. LF1-9; 5. LF1-17);c.联丰-2(Lianfeng -2; 1. LF2-1; 2. LF2-3; 3. LF2-4);d.梁山村(Liangshancun; 1. LSC-5; 2. LSC-13; 3. LSC-24);e.二里沟(Erligou; 1. ELG-7; 2. ELG-19; 3. ELG-22);f.池河-1(Chihe-1; 1. CH1-15; 2. CH1-27);g.池河-2(Chehe-2; 1. CH2-5; 2. CH2-8);h.曲家河(Qujiahe; 1. QJH-3; 2. QJH-7; 3. QJH-16);i.金矿村-2(Jinkuangcun-2; 1. JKC2-5; 2. JKC2-7; 3. JKC2-8; 4. JKC2-11; 5. JKC2-15);j.金矿村-3(Jinkuangcun-3; 1. JKC3-1; 2. JKC3-2; 3. JKC3-3)

Fig.3 Typical Paleolithic artifacts from ten newly discovered sites including Yangjiaping, etc.

表1 汉江流域新发现旧石器制品统计（单位：个）

Tab.1 Statistics of newly discovered Paleolithic artifacts in Hanjiang River Valley

地点 Site	总数 Total	石核Core	石片Flake	断块Chunks	工具 Tool	砍砸器Chopper	刮削器Scraper	尖状器Point	石球Spheroids
杨家坪	24	12	5	0	7	2	0	0	5
联丰-1	18	12	3	0	3	2	1	0	0
联丰-2	5	1	2	2	0	0	0	0	0
梁山村	30	2	8	17	3	0	2	1	0
二里沟	39	15	3	17	4	1	2	0	1
池河-1	63	3	9	45	6	1	3	2	0
池河-2	15	0	3	9	3	2	1	0	0
曲家河	27	1	4	20	2	0	2	0	0
金矿村-2	18	6	2	6	4	4	0	0	0
金矿村-3	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

表2 汉江流域新发现的十个旧石器地点样品TT-OSL测年结果

Tab.2 TT-OSL dating ages for 10 Paleolithic sites in Hanjiang River valley

实验编号Lab No.	样品Sample No.	深度Depth (cm)	含水量water content	U (ppm)	Th (ppm)	K (%)	年剂量 Dose rate (Gy/ka)	等效剂量Equivalent dose (Gy)	年代 Age (ka)
NJU2356	LSC	50	10.1±5%	2.24±0.09	12.90±0.36	2.00±0.06	3.03±0.19	471±19	140±10
NJU2357	LSC	120	10.7±5%	2.34±0.10	13.60±0.37	1.85±0.06	2.96±0.17	517±26	191±12
NJU2362	LF-1	80	9.8±5%	2.03±0.09	12.80±0.36	1.78±0.06	2.80±0.18	182±7	65±5
NJU2364	LF-1	200	11.7±5%	2.94±0.11	13.00±0.36	1.96±0.06	3.12±0.15	466±3	150±8
NJU2366	LF-2	65	12.1±5%	3.38±0.12	13.60±0.37	1.70±0.06	3.01±0.13	343±27	114±10
NJU2367	LF-2	345	7.2±5%	2.69±0.10	12.9±0.36	1.94±0.06	3.05±0.27	523±10	172±15
NJU2369	YJP	170	10.2±5%	2.77±0.11	13.80±0.37	1.72±0.06	2.93±0.18	213±16	73±7
NJU2370	YJP	520	14.3±5%	2.47±0.10	12.90±0.36	1.93±0.06	3.01±0.08	346±54	115±10
NJU2372	ELG	170	16.4±5%	2.93±0.11	13.40±0.38	1.90±0.06	3.09±0.05	388±17	126±6
NJU2373	ELG	220	12.9±5%	2.93±0.11	13.4±0.38	1.90±0.06	3.17±0.12	341±14	107±6
NJU2376	CH-1	100	13.8±5%	2.91±0.11	13.2±0.37	2.02±0.06	2.86±0.09	304±17	106±7
NJU2377	CH-1	160	15.6±5%	2.64±0.10	15.00±0.41	1.71±0.06	2.97±0.06	448±44	151±15
NJU2378	CH-2	60	13.5±5%	2.29±0.09	14.40±0.39	1.60±0.05	2.79±0.09	310±22	111±9
NJU2379	CH-2	110	18.0±5%	2.75±0.11	15.2±0.41	1.65±0.05	2.95±0.05	462±40	157±14
NJU2383	QJH	100	19.4±5%	2.88±0.11	14.80±0.40	1.57±0.05	2.88±0.08	290±19	101±7
NJU2384	QJH	280	11.2±5%	2.91±0.11	14.90±0.40	2.00±0.06	3.19±0.25	421±28	132±13
NJU2738	JKC-2	50	8.2±5%	2.27±0.11	12.01±0.38	1.83±0.06	3.27±0.17	262±16	80±5
NJU2739	JKC-2	145	7.6±5%	2.56±0.10	14.23±0.39	1.68±0.06	3.29±0.18	549±49	167±15
NJU2740	JKC-3	50	8.6±5%	2.77±0.11	14.05±0.38	1.76±0.05	3.39±0.18	265±11	78±5
NJU2741	JKC-3	230	15.3±5%	2.88±0.11	13.88±0.40	1.76±0.06	3.13±0.15	466±39	149±11

表2 汉江流域新发现的十个旧石器地点样品TT-OSL测年结果

Tab.2 TT-OSL dating ages for 10 Paleolithic sites in Hanjiang River valley

实验编号Lab No.	样品Sample No.	深度Depth (cm)	含水量water content	U (ppm)	Th (ppm)	K (%)	年剂量 Dose rate (Gy/ka)	等效剂量Equivalent dose (Gy)	年代 Age (ka)
NJU2356	LSC	50	10.1±5%	2.24±0.09	12.90±0.36	2.00±0.06	3.03±0.19	471±19	140±10
NJU2357	LSC	120	10.7±5%	2.34±0.10	13.60±0.37	1.85±0.06	2.96±0.17	517±26	191±12
NJU2362	LF-1	80	9.8±5%	2.03±0.09	12.80±0.36	1.78±0.06	2.80±0.18	182±7	65±5
NJU2364	LF-1	200	11.7±5%	2.94±0.11	13.00±0.36	1.96±0.06	3.12±0.15	466±3	150±8
NJU2366	LF-2	65	12.1±5%	3.38±0.12	13.60±0.37	1.70±0.06	3.01±0.13	343±27	114±10
NJU2367	LF-2	345	7.2±5%	2.69±0.10	12.9±0.36	1.94±0.06	3.05±0.27	523±10	172±15
NJU2369	YJP	170	10.2±5%	2.77±0.11	13.80±0.37	1.72±0.06	2.93±0.18	213±16	73±7
NJU2370	YJP	520	14.3±5%	2.47±0.10	12.90±0.36	1.93±0.06	3.01±0.08	346±54	115±10
NJU2372	ELG	170	16.4±5%	2.93±0.11	13.40±0.38	1.90±0.06	3.09±0.05	388±17	126±6
NJU2373	ELG	220	12.9±5%	2.93±0.11	13.4±0.38	1.90±0.06	3.17±0.12	341±14	107±6
NJU2376	CH-1	100	13.8±5%	2.91±0.11	13.2±0.37	2.02±0.06	2.86±0.09	304±17	106±7
NJU2377	CH-1	160	15.6±5%	2.64±0.10	15.00±0.41	1.71±0.06	2.97±0.06	448±44	151±15
NJU2378	CH-2	60	13.5±5%	2.29±0.09	14.40±0.39	1.60±0.05	2.79±0.09	310±22	111±9
NJU2379	CH-2	110	18.0±5%	2.75±0.11	15.2±0.41	1.65±0.05	2.95±0.05	462±40	157±14
NJU2383	QJH	100	19.4±5%	2.88±0.11	14.80±0.40	1.57±0.05	2.88±0.08	290±19	101±7
NJU2384	QJH	280	11.2±5%	2.91±0.11	14.90±0.40	2.00±0.06	3.19±0.25	421±28	132±13
NJU2738	JKC-2	50	8.2±5%	2.27±0.11	12.01±0.38	1.83±0.06	3.27±0.17	262±16	80±5
NJU2739	JKC-2	145	7.6±5%	2.56±0.10	14.23±0.39	1.68±0.06	3.29±0.18	549±49	167±15
NJU2740	JKC-3	50	8.6±5%	2.77±0.11	14.05±0.38	1.76±0.05	3.39±0.18	265±11	78±5
NJU2741	JKC-3	230	15.3±5%	2.88±0.11	13.88±0.40	1.76±0.06	3.13±0.15	466±39	149±11

图4 旧石器地点样品的生长曲线和衰退曲线 a.梁山村样品（Liangshancun,NJU2356）;b.联丰-2样品（Lianfeng-2,NJU2366）;c.池河-2样品（Chihe-2,NJU2378）;d.所有样品的循环比和回授率（the recycling ratios and recuperation values for all aliquots）

Fig.4 Dose response curves and decay curves of samples for Liangshancun Paleolithic sites

图5 杨家坪等十个地点的文化层年代、MIS和黄土-古土壤序列

Fig.5 Ages, MIS and loess-paleosol sequence of cultural layers of ten Paleolithic sites including Yangjiaping, etc.

图6 汉江流域中上游地区典型旧石器遗址在阶地上的分布 1.何家梁（Hejialiang）;2.杨家坪（Yangjiaping）;3.联丰-1（Lianfeng-1）1;4.联丰-2（Lianfeng-2）;5.梁山村（Liangshancun）;6.二里沟（Erligou）;7.龙岗寺-1（Longgangsi-1）;8.窑厂湾（Yaochangwan）;9.赤土岭（Chituling）;10.大坝沟村（Dabagoucun）;11.温泉（Wenquan）;12.胡家渡（Hujiadu）;13.杨家湾（Yangjiawan）;14.陈丁（Chending）;15.地核坝（Diheba）;16.八龙Balong;17.杨家庄（Yangjiazhuang）;18.龙岗寺-2, 3（Longgangsi-2, 3）;19.金水河口（Jinshuihekou）;20.龙岗寺-4（Longgangsi-4）;21.关庙（Guanmiao）;22.池河-1（Chihe-1）;23.池河-2（Chihe-2）;24.曲家河（Qujiahe）;25.罗家村（Luojiacun）;26.白家梁（Baijialiang）;27.江北火车站（Jiangbeihuochezhan）;28.吴台村（Wutaicun）;29.三浪滩（Sanlangtan）;30.余嘴（Yuzui）;31.肖沟（Xiaogou）;32.后房（Houfang）;33.黄家窝（Huangjiawo）;34.滴水岩（Dishuiyan）;35.周家坡（Zhoujiapo）;36.金矿村-1（Jinkuangcun-1）;37.金矿村-2（Jinkuangcun-2）;38.刘湾（Liuwan）;39.大树垭（Dashuya）;40.柳陂酒厂（ Liubeijiuchang）;41.肖家河（Xiaojiahe）;42.伏龙观（Fulongguan）;43.学堂梁子（Xuetangliangzi）;44.毛家洼（Maojiawa）;45.龙口（ Longkou）;46.舒家岭（Shujialing）;47.水牛洼（Shuiniuwa）;48.杜店Ⅰ区（ Dudian I）;49.杜店II区（Dudian II）;50.黄家湾（Huangjiawan）;51.红石坎Ⅰ（Hongshikan I）;52.北泰山庙（Beitaishanmiao）;53.北泰山庙2号（Beitaishanmiao 2）;54.果茶场II（Guochachang II）;55.冯家洼（Fengjiawa）;56.常家院（Changjiayuan）;57.彭家河（Pengjiahe）;58.双树（Shuangshu）;59.舒家岭（Shujialing）;60.连沟-1和-2（Liangou-1, 2）;61.宋湾（Songwan）;62.贾湾-1（Jiawan-1）;63.麻领2A（Maling 2A）;64.双河-1和-2（Shuanghe-1, 2）;65.大土包子（Datubaozi）;66.蔡家渡（Caijiadu）

Fig. 6 Distribution of typical Paleolithic sites on terraces in the middle and upper reaches of Hanjiang River Valley

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秦岭汉江流域新发现旧石器遗址的地层与释光年代

Pedostratigraphy and luminescence dating of the newly discovered Paleolithic sites along the Hanjiang River Valley, Central China

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