述评典型阿舍利遗址的石器技术及其蕴含的古人类行为

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0011

人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (02): 354-369.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0011cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0011

述评典型阿舍利遗址的石器技术及其蕴含的古人类行为

李浩¹^,²(), 雷蕾³, 李大伟⁴, 张萌⁵

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044
3.贵州大学历史与民族文化学院,贵阳 550025
4.广西民族大学科技史与科技文化研究院,南宁 530006
5.复旦大学文物与博物馆学系,科技考古研究院,上海 200433

收稿日期:2020-03-13 修回日期:2020-11-20 出版日期:2022-04-15 发布日期:2022-04-13
作者简介:李浩,副研究员,主要从事旧石器与地质考古研究。E-mail: lihao@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA19050102);中国科学院百人计划

A review of lithic technology and implied human behaviors from some typical Acheulean sites

LI Hao¹^,²(), LEI Lei³, LI Dawei⁴, ZHANG Meng⁵

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
3. College of History and Ethnic Culture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025
4. Institute for History and Culture of Science & Technology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006
5. Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433

Received:2020-03-13 Revised:2020-11-20 Online:2022-04-15 Published:2022-04-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,有关中国含手斧石器工业的研究取得了一系列进展,但是,在更深层次的人群社会行为研究方面的相关工作较为薄弱。本文以肯尼亚Olorgesailie遗址、以色列Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov遗址和英国Boxgrove等典型遗址为例,对国外不同地区、不同阶段阿舍利遗址中有关古人类社会行为的研究案例进行介绍和评述。通过这些述评,一方面促进我们对手斧人群社会行为的深入理解和认识,另一方面,也为推动国内相关研究工作的开展提供有益的启示和借鉴。

关键词: 阿舍利手斧, 技术策略, 环境适应, 社会行为, 文化演进

Abstract:

New research in recent years has obtained a series of achievements on our understanding of technological characteristics of the Acheulean Techno-complex in China. However, few studies in the region have focused on deep-seated issues regarding hominid social behaviors. In this paper, we present a review of social behavioral studies in three well-known Acheulean sites (i.e., Olorgesailie in Kenya, Gesher Benot Ya’aqov in Israel and Boxgrove in England) outside of China. We suggest that the technological strategies or material cultures can be thought as important reflections or expressions of invisible social behaviors, the latter consisting of an essential aspect in understanding the mechanisms and processes of human cultural evolution in the Stone Age. Therefore, in addition to investigating the archaeological records, social behavioral information that implied in these records will also need to be carefully unveiled, through which we can contribute to a better explanation of “the muddle in the middle” in human evolution.

Key words: Acheulean hand axes, Technological strategy, Environmental adaptation, Social behavior, Cultural evolution

中图分类号:

K871.11

李浩, 雷蕾, 李大伟, 张萌. 述评典型阿舍利遗址的石器技术及其蕴含的古人类行为[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(02): 354-369.

LI Hao, LEI Lei, LI Dawei, ZHANG Meng. A review of lithic technology and implied human behaviors from some typical Acheulean sites[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 354-369.

图/表 2

图1 Olorgesailie盆地地貌景观近处人行通道旁展示暴露于地表的、密集分布的手斧和其他石制品。照片由Ignacio de la Torre授权发表

Fig.1 Landscape of the Olorgesailie basin Close to the viewer showing a dense distribution of handaxes and other stone artifacts on the eroded surface of the Catwalk Site. Copyright of Ignacio de la Torre

图2 Boxgrove遗址 1、2.遗址出土的手斧Handaxes excavated from the site;3.GTP17地点石制品成组分布场景The groupings of scatters of artifacts at the locality of GTP17;4.Q1/B地点石制品和化石出土场景Artifacts and fossils excavated at the locality of Q1/B.Copyright of the Boxgrove Project

Fig.2 The site of Boxgrove

参考文献 153

[1]	Isaac GL. Sorting out the muddle in the middle: An anthropologist’s post-conference appraisal[A]. In: Butzer KW, Isaac GL(Eds.). After the Australopithecus[C]. The Hague: Mouton, 1975: 875-887
[2]	Gowlett JAJ. Why the muddle in the middle matters: the language of comparative and direct in human evolution[A]. In: Barton CM, Clark GA eds. Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary theory in archaeological explanation[C]. Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1997: 49-65
[3]	Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Suwa G, et al. The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula[J]. Nature, 1992, 360:732-735 doi: 10.1038/360732a0 URL
[4]	Lepre CJ, Roche H, Kent DV, et al. An earlier origin for the Acheulian[J]. Nature, 2011, 477:82-85 doi: 10.1038/nature10372 URL
[5]	Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, et al. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2013, 110:1584-1591 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221285110 URL
[6]	de la Torre I, Mora R, Arroyo A, et al. Acheulean technological behavior in the Middle Pleistocene landscape of Mieso (East-Central Ethiopia)[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2014, 76:1-25 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.008 URL
[7]	de la Torre I. The origins of the Acheulean: past and present perspectives on a major transition in human evolution[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biology, 2016, 371:20150245
[8]	Kuman K. The Acheulean industrial complex[A]. In: Smith C(Eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology[C]. New York: Springer, 2019, doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_653-2 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_653-2
[9]	Wynn T. The intelligence of later Acheulean hominids[J]. Man, 1979, 14(3):371-391 doi: 10.2307/2801865 URL
[10]	Wynn T. Piaget, stone tools and the evolution of human intelligence[J]. World Archaeology, 1985, 17:32-43 pmid: 16470990
[11]	Wynn T. Handaxe enigmas[J]. World Archaeology 1995, 27:10-24 doi: 10.1080/00438243.1995.9980290 URL
[12]	Wynn T. Symmetry and the evolution of the modular linguistic mind[A]. In: Carruthers P, Chamberlain A eds. Evolution and the human mind: modularity, language and meta-cognition[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000: 113-139
[13]	Mithen S. The prehistory of the mind: the cognitive origins of art, religion and science[M]. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1996
[14]	Mithen S. Imitation and cultural change: a view from the Stone Age, with specific reference to the manufacture of handaxes[A]. In: Box HO, Gibson KR eds. Mammalian social learning: comparative and ecological perspectives[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 389-413
[15]	Gowlett JAJ. Culture and conceptualization: the Oldowan-Acheulian gradient[A]. In: Bailey GN, Callow P eds. Stone Age Prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986: 243-260
[16]	Gowlett JAJ. The elements of design form in Acheulian bifaces: modes, modalities, rules and language[A]. In: Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G, eds. Axe Age: Acheulian toolmaking from quarry to discard[C]. London: Equinox, 2006: 203-221
[17]	Gowlett JAJ. The vital sense of proportion: Transformation, golden section, and 1:2 preference in Acheulean bifaces[J]. PaleoAnthropology, 2011, 174-187
[18]	Dunbar RIM. The social brain hypojournal[J]. Evolutionary Anthropology, 1998, 6:178-190 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6505 URL
[19]	Dunbar RIM. The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective[J]. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2003, 32:163-181 doi: 10.1146/anthro.2003.32.issue-1 URL
[20]	Stout D, Toth N, Schick KD, et al. Neural correlates of Early Stone Age tool-making: technology, language and cognition in human evolution[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biology, 2008, 363:1939-1949
[21]	Stout D, Chaminade T. Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biology, 2012, 367:75-87
[22]	Stout D, Apel J, Commander J, et al. Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014, 41:576-590 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001 URL
[23]	Gamble CS. Handaxes and Palaeolithic individuals[A]. In: Ashton N, Healy F, Pettitt P(Eds.). Stone age archaeology: Essays in honour of John Wymer (Vol. 12) [C]. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph, 1998: 105-109
[24]	McPherron SP. Handaxes as a measure of the mental capabilities of early hominids[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2000, 27:655-663 doi: 10.1006/jasc.1999.0467 URL
[25]	Porr M. The making of the biface and the making of the individual[A]. In: Gamble CS, Porr M(Eds.). The hominid individual in context: Archaeological investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic landscapes, locales and artefacts[C]. London/New York: Routledge, 2005: 68-80
[26]	Pope M, Russel K, Watson K. Biface form and structured behaviour in the Acheulean[J]. Lithics, 2006, 27:44-57
[27]	Shipton C. Imitation and shared intentionality in the Acheulean[J]. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2010, 20(2):197-210 doi: 10.1017/S0959774310000235 URL
[28]	Goren-Inbar N. Culture and Cognition in the Acheulian Industry: A case study from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biology, 2011, 366:1038-1049
[29]	McNabb J. Pole to pole. Archaeology and adaptation in the Middle Pleistocene at opposite ends of the Acheulean world[J]. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 2013, 32(2):123-146 doi: 10.1111/ojoa.2013.32.issue-2 URL
[30]	McNabb J, Cole J. The mirror cracked: Symmetry and refinement in the Acheulean handaxe[J]. Journal of Archaeolofical Science: Reports, 2015, 3:100-111
[31]	Cole J. Examining the presence of symmetry within Acheulean handaxes[J]. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2015, 25(4):713-732 doi: 10.1017/S0959774315000141 URL
[32]	Wynn T, Coolidge FL. Cognitive models in Palaeolithic Archaeology[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
[33]	Movius HL. The Lower Palaeolithic cultures of southern and eastern Asia[J]. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1948, 38(4):329-420 doi: 10.2307/1005632 URL
[34]	Movius HL. Lower Paleolithic archaeology in southern Asia and the Far East[A]. In: Howells WW(Eds.). Early man in the Far East: Studies in physical anthropology. No.1[C]. New York: Humanities Press, 1969: 17-82
[35]	王益人. 丁村旧石器时代遗址群(丁村遗址群1976-1980年发掘报告)[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014
[36]	Yang SX, Huang WW, Hou YM, et al. Is the Dingcun lithic assembly a “chopper-chopping tool industry”, or “Late Acheulean”?[J]. Quaternary International, 321:3-11 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.05.012 URL
[37]	Hou YM, Potts R, Yuan BY, et al. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like stone technology of the Bose Basin, South China[J]. Science, 2000, 287:1622-1626 doi: 10.1126/science.287.5458.1622 URL
[38]	Xie GM, Bodin É. Les industries Paléolithiques du basin de Bose (Chine du Sud)[J]. L’Anthropologie, 2007, 111:182-206
[39]	Zhang P, Huang WW, Wang W. Acheulean handaxes from Fengshudao, Bose sites of South China[J]. Quaternary International, 2010, 223-224:440-443 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.07.009 URL
[40]	Wang W, Bae CJ, Huang SM, et al. Middle Pleistocene bifaces from Fengshudao (Bose Basin, Guangxi, China)[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2014, 69:110-122 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.11.002 pmid: 24630526
[41]	房迎三. 皖南水阳江旧石器地点群调查简报[J]. 文物研究, 1988, 3:74-83
[42]	房迎三. 安徽省宣州市陈山旧石器地点1988年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 1997, 16(2):96-106
[43]	董哲, 裴树文, 袁四方. 安徽水阳江流域2017年旧石器考古调查简报[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(2):223-231
[44]	袁家荣. 略谈湖南旧石器文化的几个问题[A]. 中国考古学会第七次年会论文集[C]. 1992, 1-12
[45]	袁家荣. 湖南津市虎爪山旧石器地点[A]. 而立集—湖南省津市市文物工作三十周年纪念文集[C]. 2015, 2-12
[46]	储友信. 长江中游似手斧石器的初步研究[J]. 文物季刊, 1998, 2:36-40
[47]	谭远辉. 虎爪山北坡旧石器地点调查报告[A]. 湖南考古辑刊第七集[C]. 1999, 1-15
[48]	Feng XB. Technological characterization of China and Europe Lower Paleolithic industry from 1 Ma to 400,000 years: Similarity and difference between the Yunxian Hominid culture and European Acheulean[J]. L’anthropologie, 2008, 112:423-447
[49]	李超荣. 丹江口库区发现的旧石器[J]. 中国历史博物馆馆刊, 1998, 1:4-12
[50]	李超荣, 冯兴无, 李浩. 1994年丹江口库区调查发现的石制品研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2009, 28(4):337-354
[51]	李浩, 李超荣, Kuman K. 丹江口库区的薄刃斧[J]. 人类学学报, 2014, 33(2):162-176
[52]	Kuman K, Li CR, Li H. Large cutting tools in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2014, 76:129-153 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.002 URL
[53]	Li H, Li CR, Kuman K, et al. The Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Shuangshu in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014, 52:391-409 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.033 URL
[54]	Li H, Li CR, Kuman K. Rethinking the Acheulean in East Asia: Evidence from the recent investigations in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China[J]. Quaternary International, 2014, 347:163-175 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.059 URL
[55]	Li H, Kuman K, Li CR. Re-examination of the morphological variability of East Asian handaxes from a comparative perspective[J]. World Archaeology, 2014, 46:705-733 doi: 10.1080/00438243.2014.953707 URL
[56]	Pei SW, Niu DW, Guan Y, et al. Middle Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China: studies of formation processes and stone technology of Maling 2A site[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015, 53:391-407 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.022 URL
[57]	Li H, Li CR, Sherwood NL, et al. Experimental flaking in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region (central China): A rare case of bipolar blanks in the Acheulean[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2017, 13:26-35 doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.03.032 URL
[58]	Li H, Kuman K, Li CR. What is currently (un)known about the Chinese Acheulean, with implications for hypotheses on the earlier dispersal of hominids[J]. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2018, 120-130
[59]	Li YH, Sun XF, Bodin E. A macroscopic technological perspective on lithic production of hominids from Early to Late Pleistocene in the Hanshui River Valley, central China. Quaternary International, 2014, 347:148-162 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.044 URL
[60]	Li YH, Zhou YD, Sun XF, et al. New evidence of a lithic assemblage containing in situ Late Pleistocene bifaces from the Houfang site in the Hanshui River Valley, Central China[J]. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2018, 131-142
[61]	王社江, 黄培华. 洛南盆地旧石器遗址地层划分及年代研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2001, 20(3):229-237
[62]	王社江, 沈辰, 胡松梅, 等. 洛南盆地1995-1999年野外地点发现的石制品[J]. 人类学学报, 2005, 24(2):87-103
[63]	王社江. 洛南盆地的薄刃斧[J]. 人类学学报, 2006, 25(4):332-342
[64]	王社江. 洛南盆地的大型石刀[J]. 人类学学报, 2007, 26(1):26-33
[65]	Lu HY, Zhang HY, Wang SJ, et al. Multiphase timing of hominin occupations and the paleoenvironment in Luonan Basin, Central China[J]. Quaternary Research, 2011, 76:142-147 doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.001 URL
[66]	Sun XF, Lu HY, Wang SJ, et al. Age of newly discovered Paleolithic assemblages at Liuwan site Luonan Basin, central China[J]. Quaternary International, 2014, 347:193-199 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.061 URL
[67]	Semaw S, Rogers M, Stout D. The Oldowan-Acheulian transition: Is there a “Developed Oldowan” artifact tradition[A]? In: Camps M, Chauhan P eds. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions[C] New York: Springer, 2009: 173-192
[68]	李浩. 中国旧石器时代早、中期石器技术多样性研究的新进展[J]. 人类学学报, 2018, 37(4):602-612
[69]	Dennell R. Life without the Movius Line: The structure of the East and Southeast Asian Early Palaeolithic[J]. Quaternary International, 2016, 400:14-22 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.001 URL
[70]	Dennell R. 2018. The Acheulean assemblages of Asia: A review[A]. In: Gallotti R, Mussi M eds. The emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and beyond: Contributions in honor of Jean Chavaillon[C]. Cham: Springer, 2018: 195-214
[71]	Barsky D, Carbonell E, Ramos RS. Diversity and multiplicity in the Asian Acheulian[J]. L’anthropologie, 2018, 59-73
[72]	Moncel M, Arzarello M, Boëda É, et al. Assemblage with bifacial tools in Eurasia (second part). What is going on in the East? Data from India, Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia[J]. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2018, 61-76
[73]	高星. 中国旧石器时代手斧的特点与意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2012, 31(2):97-112
[74]	de Mortillet G. Classification des diverses périodes de l’âge de la pierre[A]. In: Extrait du Compte Rendu du Congrès International d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie Préhistoriques, 6me Session, Bruxelles, 1872[C]. Bruxelles: M. Weissenbruch, 1873:432-444
[75]	Oakley KP. The problem of man’s antiquity: an historical survey[J]. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, 1964, 9:86-155
[76]	Gamble C, Kruszynski R. John Evans, Joseph Prestwich and the stone that shattered the time barrier[J]. Antiquity 2009, 83:461-475 doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00098574 URL
[77]	Gregory JW. The rift valleys and geology of East Africa[M]. London: Seeley, Service, 1921
[78]	Isaac GLl. Olorgesailie: Archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977
[79]	Potts R. Olorgesailie-Retrospective and current synthesis: Contribution to the commemorative volume in honor of Glynn Isaac[A]. In: Sept J, Pilbeam D eds. Casting the net wide: Papers in honor of Glynn Isaac and his approach to human origins research[C]. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books, 2011: 1-20
[80]	Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Ditchfield P. Paleolandscape variation and Early Pleistocene hominid activities: Members 1 and 7, Olorgesailie Formation, Kenya[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1999, 37:747-788 pmid: 10536090
[81]	Isaac GLl. The Harvey Lecture series, 1977-1978. Food sharing and human evolution: Archaeological evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa[J]. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1978, 34:311-325 doi: 10.1086/jar.34.3.3629782 URL
[82]	Isaac GLl. Archaeological tests of alternative models of early hominid behaviour: Excavation and experiments[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biology, 1981, 292(1057):177-188
[83]	Isaac GLl. Bones in contention: Competing explanations for the juxtaposition of Early Pleistocene artifacts and faunal remains[A]. In: Clutton-Brock JH, Grigson C eds. Animals and Archaeology, BAR International Series 202[C]. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1983: 3-19
[84]	Binford LR. Olorgesailie deserves more than the usual book review[J]. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1977, 33(4):493-502 doi: 10.1086/jar.33.4.3629754 URL
[85]	Binford LR. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1981
[86]	Binford LR. Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1985, 4(4):292-327 doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(85)90009-1 URL
[87]	McCall GS. Before modern humans: New perspective on the African Stone Age[M]. California: Walnut Creek, 2015
[88]	Potts R. Olorgesailie: New excavations and findings in Early and Middle Pleistocene contexts, southern Kenya rift valley[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1989, 18:477-484 doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(89)90076-6 URL
[89]	Potts R. Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai[M]. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988
[90]	Potts R. Variables versus models of early Pleistocene hominid land use[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1994, 27:7-24 doi: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1033 URL
[91]	Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino A, et al. Small mid-Pleistocene hominin associated with East African Acheulean technology[J]. Science, 305:75-78 doi: 10.1126/science.1097661 URL
[92]	宾福德. 追寻人类的过去——解释考古材料[M].译者：陈胜前. 上海: 三联书店, 2009: 43-44
[93]	Goren-Inbar N, Alperson-Afil N, Sharon G, et al. The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume IV: The lithic assemblage[M]. Cham: Springer, 2018
[94]	Gilead D. Early Paleolithic cultures in Israel and the Near East[D]. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1970
[95]	Gilead D. Handaxe industries in Israel and the Near East[J]. World Archaeology, 1970, 2:1-11 doi: 10.1080/00438243.1970.9979459 URL
[96]	Goren-Inbar N, Belitzky S. Structural position of the Pleistocene Gesher Benot Ya’aqov site in the Dead Sea Rift zone[J]. Quaternary Research, 1989, 31:371-376 doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(89)90043-4 URL
[97]	Goren-Inbar N, Werker F, Feibel CS. The Acheulean site of Gesher Benot Y’aqov, Israel. I: The wood assemblage[M]. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2002
[98]	Alperson-Afil N, Goren-Inbar N. The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume II: Ancient ﬂames and controlled use of ﬁre[M]. New York: Springer, 2010
[99]	Rabinovich R, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Kindler L, et al. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume III: Mammalian taphonomy-The Assemblages of Layers V-5 and V-6[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012
[100]	Goren-Inbar N, Feibel CS, Verosub KL, et al. Pleistocene milestones on the Out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Science, 2000, 289:944-947 pmid: 10937996
[101]	Goren-Inbar N, Saragusti I. An Acheulian biface assemblage from the site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel: Indications of African affinities[J]. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1996, 23:15-30
[102]	Sharon G. Large ﬂake Acheulian[J]. Quaternary International, 2010, 223-224:226-233 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.023 URL
[103]	Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G. Invisible handaxes and visible Acheulian biface technology at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel[A]. In: Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G eds. Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-making from Quarry to Discard[C]. London: Equinox, 2006: 111-136
[104]	Rabinovich R, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Goren-Inbar N. Systematic butchering of fallow deer (Dama) at the early middle Pleistocene Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (Israel)[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2008, 54(1):134-149 pmid: 17868780
[105]	Melamed Y, Kislev ME, Geffen E, et al. The plant component of an Acheulian diet Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113:14674-14679 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607872113 URL
[106]	Alperson-Afil N. Continual fire-making by hominins at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Quaternary Science Review, 2008, 27:1733-1739 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.009 URL
[107]	Goren-Inbar N, Alperson-Afil N, Kislev ME, et al. Evidence of hominin control of ﬁre at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Science, 2004, 304:725-727 pmid: 15118160
[108]	Goren-Inbar N, Lister A, Werker E, et al. A butchered elephant skull and associated artifacts from the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’Aqov, Israel[J]. Paléorient 1994, 20:99-112 doi: 10.3406/paleo.1994.4604 URL
[109]	Zohar I, Biton R. Land, lake, and fish: Investigation of fish remains from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (paleo-Lake Hula)[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2011, 60(4):343-356 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.007 pmid: 21255820
[110]	Zohar I, Ovadia A, Goren-Inbar N. The cooked and the raw: A taphonomic study of cooked and burned fish[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2016, 8:164-172 doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.06.005 URL
[111]	Madsen B, Goren-Inbar N. Acheulian giant core technology and beyond: an archaeological and experimental case study[J]. Eurasian Prehistory, 2004, 2(1):3-52
[112]	Goren-Inbar N, Grosman L, Sharon G. The technology and significance of the Acheulian giant cores of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2011: 38:1901-1917 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.037 URL
[113]	Mischke S, Ashkenazi S, Almogi-Labin A, et al. Ostracod evidence for the Acheulian environment of the ancient Hula Lake (Levant) during the early-mid Pleistocene transition[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2014, 412:148-159 doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.07.036 URL
[114]	Alperson-Aﬁl N, Sharon G, Kislev M, et al. Spatial organization of hominin activities at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Science, 2009, 326:1677-1680 doi: 10.1126/science.1180695 pmid: 20019284
[115]	Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G, Melamed Y, et al. Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002, 99(4):2455-2460 doi: 10.1073/pnas.032570499 URL
[116]	Roebroeks W, Van Kolfschoten T. The earliest occupation of Europe: a short chronology[J]. Antiquity, 1994, 68:489-503 doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00047001 URL
[117]	Toro Moyano I, Barsky D, Cauche D, et al. The archaic stone tool industry from Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3, (Orce, Spain): Evidence of the earliest hominin presence in southern Europe[J]. Quaternary International, 2011, 243:80-91 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.011 URL
[118]	Toro Moyano I, Martínez-Navarro B, Agustí J, et al. The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain)[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2013, 65:1-9 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012 pmid: 23481345
[119]	López-García JM, Luzi E, Berto C, et al. Chronological context of the first hominin occurrence in southern Europe: the Allophaiomys ruffoi (Arvicolinae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Pirro 13 (Pirro Nord, Apulia, southwestern Italy)[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2015, 107:260-266 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.029 URL
[120]	Vallverdú J, Saladié P, Rosas A, et al. Age and date for early arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain)[J]. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9:e103634 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103634 URL
[121]	Despriée J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, et al. Lower and Middle Pleistocene human settlements recorded in ﬂuvial deposits of the middle Loire River Basin, Centre Region, France[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011, 30(11-12):1474-1485 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.011 URL
[122]	Lefèvre D, Raynal JP, Vernet G, et al. Tephrostratigraphy and the age of ancient southern Italian Acheulean settlements: the sites of Loretoand Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy)[J]. Quaternary International, 2010, 223-224:360-368 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.020 URL
[123]	Dennell R, Roebroeks W. The earliest colonization of Europe: the short chronology revisited[J]. Antiquity, 1996, 70:535-542 doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00083691 URL
[124]	Roebroeks W. Hominin behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe: an exploration[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2001, 41:437-461 pmid: 11681861
[125]	Roebroeks W. The human colonization of Europe: where are we[J]? Journal of Quaternary Science, 2006, 21(5):425-435
[126]	Carbonell E, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Parés JM, et al. The ﬁrst hominin of Europe[J]. Nature, 2008, 452(7186):465-469 doi: 10.1038/nature06815 URL
[127]	Gamble CS. Human display and dispersal: a case study from Biotidal Britain in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene[J]. Evolutionary Anthropology, 2009, 18:144-156 doi: 10.1002/evan.v18:4 URL
[128]	Hosfield R. The British Lower Palaeolithic of the early Middle Pleistocene[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011, 30:1486-1510 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.026 URL
[129]	Lewis SG, Ashton N, Field MH, et al. Human occupation of northern Europe in MIS 13: Happisburgh Site 1 (Norfolk, UK) and its European context[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2019, 211:34-58 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.028 URL
[130]	Davis R, Ashton N. Landscapes, environments and societies: The development of culture in Lower Palaeolithic Europe[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2019, 56:101107 doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101107 URL
[131]	Pope M, McNabb J, Gamble C. Crossing the human threshold: Dynamic transformation and persistent places during the Middle Pleistocene[C]. London: Routledge, 2018
[132]	Roberts MB. Excavation of a Lower Palaeolithic site at Amey’s Eartham Pit, Boxgrove, West Sussex: A preliminary report[J]. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1986, 52:215-245 doi: 10.1017/S0079497X00006666 URL
[133]	Bergman CA, Roberts MB, Collcutt S, et al. Refitting and spatial analysis of artefacts from Quarry 2 at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Boxgrove, West Sussex, England[A]. In: Cziesla E, Eickhoff S, Arts N, Winter D eds. The Big Puzzle[C]. Bonn: Holos, 1990: 265-281
[134]	Roberts MB, Parfitt, SA, Pope M. Boxgrove, West Sussex: Rescue excavations of a Lower Palaeolithic landsurface (Boxgrove Project B, 1989-91)[J]. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1997, 63:303-358 doi: 10.1017/S0079497X00002474 URL
[135]	Roberts MB, Parﬁtt SA. Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex[C]. London: English Heritage, 1999
[136]	Pope M, Roberts MB. Observations on the relationship between Palaeolithic individuals and artefact scatters at the Middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, UK[A]. In: Gamble CS, Porr M(Eds.). The Hominid individual in context: Archaeological investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic landscapes, locales and artefacts[C]. London: Routledge, 2005: 81-97
[137]	Pope M, Roberts MB, Maxted A, et al. The Valdoe: archaeology of a locality within the Boxgrove Palaeolandscape, East Sussex[J]. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 2009, 75:239-263 doi: 10.1017/S0079497X00000360 URL
[138]	Roberts MB, Stringer CB, Parﬁtt SA. A hominid tibia from Middle Pleistocene sediments at Boxgrove, UK[J]. Nature, 1994, 369(6478):311-313 doi: 10.1038/369311a0 URL
[139]	Stringer CB, Trinkaus E, Roberts MB, et al. The Middle Pleistocene human tibia from Boxgrove[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1998, 34:509-547 pmid: 9614636
[140]	Pope M. Behavioural implications of biface discard: assemblage variability and land-use at the Middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove[A]. In: Walker EA, Wenban-Smith FF, Healy F (Eds.). Lithics in Action: Papers from the Conference Lithic Studies in the Year 2000. Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper No. 8[C]. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2004: 38-47
[141]	Austin L. Life and death of a Boxgrove biface[A]. In: Ashton N, David A(Eds.). Stories in Stone[C]. London: British Museum, 1994: 119-125
[142]	Oakley KP, Andrews P, Keeley LH, et al. A reappraisal of the Clacton spearpoint[J]. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1977, 43:13-30 doi: 10.1017/S0079497X00010343 URL
[143]	Schoch WH, Bigga G, Böhner U, et al. New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schöningen[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2015, 89:214-225 doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004 URL
[144]	Hallos J. “15 Minutes of Fame”: Exploring the temporal dimension of Middle Pleistocene lithic technology[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2005, 49:155-179 pmid: 15964609
[145]	Ranov VA. Cleavers: their distribution, chronology and typology[A]. In: Milliken S, Cook J (Eds.). A Very Remote Period Indeed: Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe[C]. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2001: 105-113
[146]	White MJ. Axeing cleavers: reflections on broad-tipped large cutting tools in the British earlier Paleolithic[A]. In: Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G eds. Axe age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard[C]. UK: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2006, 365-386
[147]	Roe DA. Some thoughts about Acheulian cleavers[A]. In: Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G (Eds.). Axe age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard[C]. UK: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2006, 313-333
[148]	Sharon G. Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and Signiﬁcance. BAR (British Archaeological Reports) International Series 1701[M]. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007
[149]	McBrearty S, Brooks AS. The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2000, 39:453-563 doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 URL
[150]	Zilhão J. The emergence of ornaments and art: An archeological perspective on the origins of “Behavioral Modernity”[J]. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2007, 15:1-54 doi: 10.1007/s10814-006-9008-1 URL
[151]	Hoffmann DL, Standish CD, García-Diez M, et al. U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art[J]. Science, 2018, 359:912-915 doi: 10.1126/science.aap7778 pmid: 29472483
[152]	Appenzeller T. Europe’s first artists were Neandertals[J]. Science, 2018, 359:852-853 doi: 10.1126/science.359.6378.852 pmid: 29472458
[153]	王社江, 鹿化煜. 秦岭地区更新世黄土地层中的旧石器埋藏与环境[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2016, 46:881-890

述评典型阿舍利遗址的石器技术及其蕴含的古人类行为

A review of lithic technology and implied human behaviors from some typical Acheulean sites

在线阅读

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 2

参考文献 153

相关文章 3

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	杜抱朴, 杜靖. 中国现代人群上、下肢形态与环境温度的相关性分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(04): 644-652.
[2]	包易格, 李小强, 刘汉斌, 赵克良, John Dodson, 沈慧, 张贵林, 王建, 周新郢. 中国黄土高原北部地区新石器-青铜时代农业结构演变及其对区域生态环境的适应[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(03): 461-472.
[3]	张鹏. 人工投食行为对非人灵长类社会生态的影响[J]. 人类学学报, 2008, 27(03): 274-283.