人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (04): 649-658.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0030cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0030
收稿日期:
2022-04-15
修回日期:
2022-05-18
出版日期:
2022-08-12
发布日期:
2022-08-10
作者简介:
杨石霞,副研究员, 主要从事旧石器时代考古学和人类行为演化研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
YANG Shixia1,2(), XU Jingwen1,2,3, HUAN Faxiang1,2,3
Received:
2022-04-15
Revised:
2022-05-18
Online:
2022-08-12
Published:
2022-08-10
摘要:
长期以来赭石利用行为被视为人类行为现代性的标志之一,受到国内外考古学界的普遍关注。本文回溯和梳理了全球背景下赭石利用的起源、发展及其与人类演化史的关系。在现代人广泛分布于全球之后,赭石利用行为更加丰富和多样化地出现在各地,然而现有考古证据表明该行为并不是解剖学意义上的现代人突变性的发明。赭石利用不能被单纯地定义为现代人行为,而应是有着长久演化积累的现代性行为之一。在长期传播与演化过程中,赭石的功能从意识形态、艺术表达等逐渐扩展到作为矿物成分被用于实际生产生活。赭石的利用历史可追溯到中更新世中期,但其广泛分布仍与晚更新世以来现代人的广泛扩散直接相关,对于理解现代人的意识形态、社会组织方式以及艺术表达、精神文化发展都具有重要的意义。国内目前所发表的相关考古学证据相对较少,以下马碑遗址为代表的材料,也恰处于现代人在全球广泛扩散的窗口期,并伴有进步的细小石器镶嵌使用的证据,成为认识东亚现代人行为的关键性考古证据。
中图分类号:
杨石霞, 许竞文, 浣发祥. 古人类对赭石的利用行为在其演化中的意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(04): 649-658.
YANG Shixia, XU Jingwen, HUAN Faxiang. Significance of modern human exploration of ochre in its evolution[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(04): 649-658.
序号 No. | 遗址Site | 年代Age (ka BP) | 出土情况及主要用途Condition and function | 参考文献Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 灵井Lingjing | 125-105 | 凹槽中涂有赭石粉末的刻划骨片 | [ |
2 | 下马碑Xiamabei | 41-39 | 表面有擦痕的赭石块;被染色的石灰岩板 | [ |
3 | 山顶洞Upper Cave | 37-35 | 穿孔石饰物的表面具有红色残留;表面有擦痕的赭石块;埋葬 | [ |
4 | 小孤山Xiaogushan | 35-31 | 穿孔装饰品的红色残留 | [ |
5 | 水洞沟Shuidonggou Loc.2 | 32? | 赭色的穿孔鸵鸟蛋壳珠装饰品染色 | [ |
6 | 东方广场Oriental Plaza | 24 | 骨制品和石制品上附着的赭石粉末 | [ |
7 | 下川Xiachuan | 24-16 | 有打击点的赭石块体? | [ |
8 | 龙王辿Longwangchan | 20-15 | 有赭石粉末残留的磨盘 | [ |
9 | 柿子滩Shizitan | 20-10 | 具明显平行凹槽的赭石块;有赭色残留的鸵鸟蛋壳珠子;有红色残留的磨石和磨盘;绘制壁画 | [ |
10 | 白莲洞Bailiangdong | 18-12 | 表面有残留赭石粉末的磨石 | [ |
11 | 大兴安岭Great Xingan Mountains | 15-8 | 内容为天象、自然、生殖、动物、图腾等崇拜内容的岩画、祭祀 | [ |
12 | 虎头梁Hutouliang | ~13 | 赭石块 | [ |
13 | 鸽子山Gezishan Loc.10 | 13-12 | 残存在鹿牙装饰品表面的赭石粉末、木炭和动物油脂混合物,黏合剂? | [ |
14 | 虎跳峡Hutiaoxia | 13-8 | 绘制岩画 | [ |
15 | 老龙洞Laolongdong | ~12 | 有刮痕的赭石块 | [ |
16 | 东胡林Donghulin | ~9.9 | 研磨赭石的石盘和石磨棒;赭石碎块 | [ |
表1 国内已报道的赭石利用的考古学证据
Tab.1 The ochre using evidence reported in China
序号 No. | 遗址Site | 年代Age (ka BP) | 出土情况及主要用途Condition and function | 参考文献Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 灵井Lingjing | 125-105 | 凹槽中涂有赭石粉末的刻划骨片 | [ |
2 | 下马碑Xiamabei | 41-39 | 表面有擦痕的赭石块;被染色的石灰岩板 | [ |
3 | 山顶洞Upper Cave | 37-35 | 穿孔石饰物的表面具有红色残留;表面有擦痕的赭石块;埋葬 | [ |
4 | 小孤山Xiaogushan | 35-31 | 穿孔装饰品的红色残留 | [ |
5 | 水洞沟Shuidonggou Loc.2 | 32? | 赭色的穿孔鸵鸟蛋壳珠装饰品染色 | [ |
6 | 东方广场Oriental Plaza | 24 | 骨制品和石制品上附着的赭石粉末 | [ |
7 | 下川Xiachuan | 24-16 | 有打击点的赭石块体? | [ |
8 | 龙王辿Longwangchan | 20-15 | 有赭石粉末残留的磨盘 | [ |
9 | 柿子滩Shizitan | 20-10 | 具明显平行凹槽的赭石块;有赭色残留的鸵鸟蛋壳珠子;有红色残留的磨石和磨盘;绘制壁画 | [ |
10 | 白莲洞Bailiangdong | 18-12 | 表面有残留赭石粉末的磨石 | [ |
11 | 大兴安岭Great Xingan Mountains | 15-8 | 内容为天象、自然、生殖、动物、图腾等崇拜内容的岩画、祭祀 | [ |
12 | 虎头梁Hutouliang | ~13 | 赭石块 | [ |
13 | 鸽子山Gezishan Loc.10 | 13-12 | 残存在鹿牙装饰品表面的赭石粉末、木炭和动物油脂混合物,黏合剂? | [ |
14 | 虎跳峡Hutiaoxia | 13-8 | 绘制岩画 | [ |
15 | 老龙洞Laolongdong | ~12 | 有刮痕的赭石块 | [ |
16 | 东胡林Donghulin | ~9.9 | 研磨赭石的石盘和石磨棒;赭石碎块 | [ |
图2 下马碑遗址出土的赭石利用证据 a.出土赭石加工遗迹及遗物The ochres and the processing tools artefacts laying on the red stained sediment patch;b.赭石表面摩擦痕迹Anthropogenic modification observed on the surface of ochre;c.残留有赤铁矿粉末和碎屑的石灰岩Limestone slab with ochre residues;d.其中一个赭石The large piece of Ochre.部分修改自[8]
Fig.2 The ochre using evidence of Xiamabei site
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