人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (04): 659-673.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0033
收稿日期:
2022-04-18
修回日期:
2022-05-22
出版日期:
2022-08-12
发布日期:
2022-08-10
作者简介:
张颖奇,研究员,主要从事灵长类及第四纪哺乳动物化石研究。Email: 基金资助:
ZHANG Yingqi1,2(), Terry HARRISON3
Received:
2022-04-18
Revised:
2022-05-22
Online:
2022-08-12
Published:
2022-08-10
摘要:
灵长类近节指趾骨的弯曲程度被认为是树栖性和悬垂位移行为的一个重要指标。几何形态测量学—多项式曲线拟合法(GM-PCF)提供了一种更加精准的指趾骨弯曲程度的定量化指标,以剔除指趾骨大小因素之后的标准化曲线高度(NPCH)作为其弯曲程度的指标,配合指趾骨的曲线长度,可以更加全面地定量分析灵长类指趾骨弯曲程度与位移行为的对应关系。尤其是涵盖灵长类大部分位移行为方式的15个类群、328个个体、5000余件指趾骨的参考样本,基本可以满足各种化石灵长类指趾骨弯曲程度分析和位移行为方式重建的需求。本文总结了发现有完整第II-V近节指趾骨化石材料的人猿超科成员的颅后骨骼形态适应及位移行为的重建,并运用GM-PCF对这些指趾骨化石的弯曲程度进行了对比分析,以通过指趾骨弯曲程度重建人猿超科成员的位移行为适应,并可为这些人猿超科成员位移行为的完整演化图景增加新的认识。
中图分类号:
张颖奇, Terry HARRISON. 化石人猿超科成员指趾骨弯曲程度与位移行为[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(04): 659-673.
ZHANG Yingqi, Terry HARRISON. Phalangeal curvature and locomotor behavior of fossil hominoids[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(04): 659-673.
类群Taxon | 地点Site | 时代Age | 标本Specimen | 文献Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
原康修尔猿科Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963 埃肯博猿属Ekembo McNulty et al., 2015 赫塞隆埃肯博猿Ekembo heseloni(Walker et al., 1993) | Kaswanga, Rusinga, Kenya | 早中新世 (18 MaBP) | KNM KPS8 PH69/131, 手;KNM KPS8 PH72, 足 | [ | |||
| 尼安扎埃肯博猿Ekembo nyanzae (Le Gros Clark et Leakey, 1950) | Rusinga, Kenya | 早中新世 (18 MaBP) | KNM-RU 5872R, 足 | [ | ||
纳乔拉猿属Nacholapithecus Ishida et al., 1999 凯里奥氏纳乔拉猿Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al., 1999 | Nachola, northern Kenya | 中中新世 (15 MaBP) | KNM-BG 17811, 右手第5指;KNM-BG 35250AQ, 右足第3或第4趾 | [ | |||
人科Hominidae Gray, 1825 肯尼亚猿亚科Kenyapithecinae Andrews, 1992 谜猿属Griphopithecus Abel, 1902 阿尔潘氏谜猿Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974 | Paşalar, Turkey | 中中新世 | K1420, 手第3指; K1421; 手第4指; L1663, 手 | [ | |||
树猿亚科Dryopithecinae Gregory et Hellman, 1939 彼罗拉猿属Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2004 加泰罗尼亚彼罗拉猿Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Moyà-Solà et al., 2004 | Barranc de Can Vila 1, Barcelona, Spain | 中中新世 (13-12.5 MaBP) | IPS21350.14, 右手第4指;IPS21350.12, 左手第2指;IPS21350.15, 左手第5指 | [ | |||
西班牙猿属Hispanopithecus Villalta et Crusafont, 1944 莱伊塔尼西班牙猿Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta et Crusafont, 1944 | Can Llobateres 2, Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain | 晚中新世 (9.65 MaBP) | IPS18800, 手第4指; IPS18800, 手第3指 | [ [ | |||
鲁道巴尼奥猿属Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969 匈牙利鲁道巴尼奥猿Rudapithecus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1969 | Rudabánya, northeastern Hungary | 晚中新世 (10 MaBP) | RUD78, 手 | [ | |||
天猿属Ouranopithecus Bonis et Melentis, 1977 马其顿天猿Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Bonis et Melentis, 1977 | Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece | 晚中新世 (~ 9.3 MaBP) | RPl 86, 手 | [ | |||
山猿属Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872 班博利山猿Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872 | Baccinello, Italy | 晚中新世 (7.55 MaBP) | IGF 11778, 左手第5指; Bac 148, 手 | [ [ | |||
多瑙猿属Danuvius Böhme et al., 2019 古根莫斯氏多瑙猿Danuvius guggenmosi Böhme et al., 2019 | Allgäu, Bavaria, Germany | 晚中新世 (11.62 MaBP) | GPIT/MA/10000-13, 右手第2指 | [ | |||
禄丰古猿属Lufengpithecus Wu, 1987 | |||||||
禄丰古猿禄丰种Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al., 1978 | 云南禄丰石灰坝庙山坡 | 晚中新世 (6.9-6.2 MaBP) | PA 1057, 手第3或4指 | [ | |||
禄丰古猿蝴蝶种Lufengpithecus hudiensis Zhang et al., 1987 | 云南元谋雷老 | 晚中新世 (9-7 MaBP) | YV6103, 手 | [ | |||
猩猩亚科Ponginae Elliot, 1913 西瓦猿古属Sivapithecus Pilgrim, 1910 大足西瓦古猿Sivapithecus parvada Kelley, 1988 | Sethi Nagri, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan | 晚中新世 (10 MaBP) | GSP 19700, 左手第4指 | [ 或[ | |||
人亚科Homininae Gray, 1825 人族Hominini Gray, 1825 地猿属Ardipithecus White et al., 1995 始祖地猿Ardipithecus kadabba Haile-Selassie, 2001 | Middle Awash, Ethiopia | 晚中新世(5.7-5.2 MaBP) | AME-VP-1/71, 足 | [ | |||
根地猿Ardipithecus ramidus (White et al., 1994) | Middle Awash, Aramis, Ethiopia | 早上新世(4.4 MaBP) | ARA-VP-6/500.043, 左手第2指;ARA-VP-6/500.030, 左手第3指;ARA-VP-6/500.069, 左手第4指;ARA-VP-6/500.094, 左足第4趾 | [ | |||
南方古猿属Australopithecus Dart, 1925 阿法尔南方古猿Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al., 1978 | Hadar, Afar, Ethiopia | 上新世 (3.8-3.0 MaBP) | A.L.333w-4, A.L.333-19, A.L.333-93, A.L.333-57, A.L.333x-13a, A.L.333-63, A.L.288-1x, 手;A.L.288-1y, A.L.333-26, A.L.333-60, A.L.333-71, A.L.333-102, 足;A.L.333-115(G), 左足第2趾;A.L.333-115(H), 左足第3趾;A.L.333-115(I), 左足第4趾;A.L.333-115(J), 左足第5趾 | [ [ | |||
非洲南方古猿Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | 晚上新世—早更新世(3.0-2.0 MaBP) | StW 293, 右手第4指; StW 597, 右手第5指; StW 28, 右手第5指 ; StW 355, 足 | [ | |||
源泉南方古猿Australopithecus sediba Berger et al., 2010 | Malapa, South Africa | 早更新世(2.0 MaBP) | U.W.88-164/MH2, 右手第2指;U.W.88-120/MH2, 右手第3指;U.W.88-108/MH2, 右手第4指;U.W.88-121/MH2, 右手第5指 | [ | |||
傍人属Paranthropus Broom, 1938 粗壮傍人Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938 | Swartkrans, South Africa | 早更新世(1.8-1.5 MaBP) | SKX 5018, 手第4指;SKX 27431, 手第3指;SKX 22741, SKX 10641, SKX 15468, 手;SKX 16699, 足 | [ | |||
人属Homo Linnaeus, 1758 人属早期成员early Homo | Olduvai, Tanzania | 早更新世(>1.84 MaBP) | OH 86, 手 | [ | |||
Sima del Elefante, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain | 早更新世(1.2 or 1.3 MaBP) | ATE9-2, 手第5指 | [ | ||||
纳莱迪人Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015 | Rising Star, South Africa | 中更新世(335-236 kaBP) | U.W.101-1328, 右手第2指;U.W.101-1327, 右手第3指;U.W.101-1326, 右手第4指 | [ | |||
弗洛勒斯人Homo floresiensis Brown et al., 2004 | Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia | 晚更新世(100-60 kaBP) | LB6/8, 手; LB1/36, LB1/37, LB1/38, 足 | [ [ |
表1 本文考察的化石人猿超科成员及其近节指趾骨标本
Tab.1 Fossil hominoid taxa and their proximal phalangeal specimens included in this study
类群Taxon | 地点Site | 时代Age | 标本Specimen | 文献Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
原康修尔猿科Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963 埃肯博猿属Ekembo McNulty et al., 2015 赫塞隆埃肯博猿Ekembo heseloni(Walker et al., 1993) | Kaswanga, Rusinga, Kenya | 早中新世 (18 MaBP) | KNM KPS8 PH69/131, 手;KNM KPS8 PH72, 足 | [ | |||
| 尼安扎埃肯博猿Ekembo nyanzae (Le Gros Clark et Leakey, 1950) | Rusinga, Kenya | 早中新世 (18 MaBP) | KNM-RU 5872R, 足 | [ | ||
纳乔拉猿属Nacholapithecus Ishida et al., 1999 凯里奥氏纳乔拉猿Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al., 1999 | Nachola, northern Kenya | 中中新世 (15 MaBP) | KNM-BG 17811, 右手第5指;KNM-BG 35250AQ, 右足第3或第4趾 | [ | |||
人科Hominidae Gray, 1825 肯尼亚猿亚科Kenyapithecinae Andrews, 1992 谜猿属Griphopithecus Abel, 1902 阿尔潘氏谜猿Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974 | Paşalar, Turkey | 中中新世 | K1420, 手第3指; K1421; 手第4指; L1663, 手 | [ | |||
树猿亚科Dryopithecinae Gregory et Hellman, 1939 彼罗拉猿属Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2004 加泰罗尼亚彼罗拉猿Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Moyà-Solà et al., 2004 | Barranc de Can Vila 1, Barcelona, Spain | 中中新世 (13-12.5 MaBP) | IPS21350.14, 右手第4指;IPS21350.12, 左手第2指;IPS21350.15, 左手第5指 | [ | |||
西班牙猿属Hispanopithecus Villalta et Crusafont, 1944 莱伊塔尼西班牙猿Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta et Crusafont, 1944 | Can Llobateres 2, Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain | 晚中新世 (9.65 MaBP) | IPS18800, 手第4指; IPS18800, 手第3指 | [ [ | |||
鲁道巴尼奥猿属Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969 匈牙利鲁道巴尼奥猿Rudapithecus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1969 | Rudabánya, northeastern Hungary | 晚中新世 (10 MaBP) | RUD78, 手 | [ | |||
天猿属Ouranopithecus Bonis et Melentis, 1977 马其顿天猿Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Bonis et Melentis, 1977 | Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece | 晚中新世 (~ 9.3 MaBP) | RPl 86, 手 | [ | |||
山猿属Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872 班博利山猿Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872 | Baccinello, Italy | 晚中新世 (7.55 MaBP) | IGF 11778, 左手第5指; Bac 148, 手 | [ [ | |||
多瑙猿属Danuvius Böhme et al., 2019 古根莫斯氏多瑙猿Danuvius guggenmosi Böhme et al., 2019 | Allgäu, Bavaria, Germany | 晚中新世 (11.62 MaBP) | GPIT/MA/10000-13, 右手第2指 | [ | |||
禄丰古猿属Lufengpithecus Wu, 1987 | |||||||
禄丰古猿禄丰种Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al., 1978 | 云南禄丰石灰坝庙山坡 | 晚中新世 (6.9-6.2 MaBP) | PA 1057, 手第3或4指 | [ | |||
禄丰古猿蝴蝶种Lufengpithecus hudiensis Zhang et al., 1987 | 云南元谋雷老 | 晚中新世 (9-7 MaBP) | YV6103, 手 | [ | |||
猩猩亚科Ponginae Elliot, 1913 西瓦猿古属Sivapithecus Pilgrim, 1910 大足西瓦古猿Sivapithecus parvada Kelley, 1988 | Sethi Nagri, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan | 晚中新世 (10 MaBP) | GSP 19700, 左手第4指 | [ 或[ | |||
人亚科Homininae Gray, 1825 人族Hominini Gray, 1825 地猿属Ardipithecus White et al., 1995 始祖地猿Ardipithecus kadabba Haile-Selassie, 2001 | Middle Awash, Ethiopia | 晚中新世(5.7-5.2 MaBP) | AME-VP-1/71, 足 | [ | |||
根地猿Ardipithecus ramidus (White et al., 1994) | Middle Awash, Aramis, Ethiopia | 早上新世(4.4 MaBP) | ARA-VP-6/500.043, 左手第2指;ARA-VP-6/500.030, 左手第3指;ARA-VP-6/500.069, 左手第4指;ARA-VP-6/500.094, 左足第4趾 | [ | |||
南方古猿属Australopithecus Dart, 1925 阿法尔南方古猿Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al., 1978 | Hadar, Afar, Ethiopia | 上新世 (3.8-3.0 MaBP) | A.L.333w-4, A.L.333-19, A.L.333-93, A.L.333-57, A.L.333x-13a, A.L.333-63, A.L.288-1x, 手;A.L.288-1y, A.L.333-26, A.L.333-60, A.L.333-71, A.L.333-102, 足;A.L.333-115(G), 左足第2趾;A.L.333-115(H), 左足第3趾;A.L.333-115(I), 左足第4趾;A.L.333-115(J), 左足第5趾 | [ [ | |||
非洲南方古猿Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | 晚上新世—早更新世(3.0-2.0 MaBP) | StW 293, 右手第4指; StW 597, 右手第5指; StW 28, 右手第5指 ; StW 355, 足 | [ | |||
源泉南方古猿Australopithecus sediba Berger et al., 2010 | Malapa, South Africa | 早更新世(2.0 MaBP) | U.W.88-164/MH2, 右手第2指;U.W.88-120/MH2, 右手第3指;U.W.88-108/MH2, 右手第4指;U.W.88-121/MH2, 右手第5指 | [ | |||
傍人属Paranthropus Broom, 1938 粗壮傍人Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938 | Swartkrans, South Africa | 早更新世(1.8-1.5 MaBP) | SKX 5018, 手第4指;SKX 27431, 手第3指;SKX 22741, SKX 10641, SKX 15468, 手;SKX 16699, 足 | [ | |||
人属Homo Linnaeus, 1758 人属早期成员early Homo | Olduvai, Tanzania | 早更新世(>1.84 MaBP) | OH 86, 手 | [ | |||
Sima del Elefante, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain | 早更新世(1.2 or 1.3 MaBP) | ATE9-2, 手第5指 | [ | ||||
纳莱迪人Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015 | Rising Star, South Africa | 中更新世(335-236 kaBP) | U.W.101-1328, 右手第2指;U.W.101-1327, 右手第3指;U.W.101-1326, 右手第4指 | [ | |||
弗洛勒斯人Homo floresiensis Brown et al., 2004 | Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia | 晚更新世(100-60 kaBP) | LB6/8, 手; LB1/36, LB1/37, LB1/38, 足 | [ [ |
图1 现生灵长类参考类群及化石人猿超科成员近节指骨NPCH与曲线长度袋状图和散点分布图 图1和图2图例 Key to the symbols in Fig.1 and Fig.2: Ekembo heseloni; Ekembo nyanzae; Nacholapithecus kerioi; Griphopithecus alpani; Pierolapithecus catalaunicus; Hispanopithecus laietanus; Rudapithecus hungaricus; Ouranopithecus macedoniensis; Oreopithecus bambolii; Danuvius guggenmosi; Lufengpithecus lufengensis; Lufengpithecus hudiensis; Sivapithecus parvada; Ardipithecus kadabba; Ardipithecus ramidus; Australopithecus afarensis; Australopithecus africanus; Australopithecus sediba; Paranthropus robustus; early Homo; Homo naledi; Homo floresiensis 所有图的说明参见结果部分See the text in the results section for explanations of all the figures
Fig.1 Scatter and bag plot of NPCH and curve length of manual proximal phalanges of extant primate taxa and fossil hominoids
图2 现生灵长类参考类群及化石人猿超科成员近节趾骨NPCH与曲线长度袋状图和散点分布图
Fig.2 Scatter and bag plot of NPCH and curve length of pedal proximal phalanges of extant primate taxa and fossil hominoids
图3 现生灵长类参考类群及化石人猿超科成员近节指趾骨曲线长度(A)与NPCH(B)对比箱线图 图1-3中现生灵长类参考类群的标本数量参见Zhang等[1]。化石人猿超科成员的标本数量参见表1。
Fig.3 Comparative box plot of curve length (A) and NPCH (B) of manual and pedal proximal phalanges of extant primate taxa and fossil hominoids
类群 Taxon | 曲线长度(PCL, mm) | 标准化曲线高度(NPCH) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
指骨 Manual | 趾骨 Pedal | 均比 Ratio | 指骨 Manual | 趾骨 Pedal | 均比 Ratio | |||||||||||||||
Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | |||||
Ateles | 26.84 | 33.12 | 37.38 | 40 | 25.07 | 28.61 | 31.50 | 32 | 1.16 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 40 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 32 | 1.15 | ||
Alouatta | 20.86 | 23.67 | 27.54 | 8 | 21.09 | 24.78 | 28.06 | 8 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 8 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 8 | 0.92 | ||
Cebus | 12.53 | 16.42 | 20.32 | 48 | 12.92 | 16.81 | 20.04 | 48 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 48 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 48 | 1.00 | ||
Macaca | 13.84 | 19.12 | 26.13 | 140 | 14.50 | 20.42 | 27.44 | 140 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 140 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 140 | 1.25 | ||
Papio | 14.16 | 18.84 | 25.42 | 24 | 14.49 | 19.79 | 27.01 | 24 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 24 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 24 | 1.00 | ||
Colobus | 24.16 | 27.22 | 30.49 | 4 | 20.99 | 25.57 | 29.07 | 4 | 1.06 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 4 | 1.33 | ||
Semnopithecus | 17.89 | 22.13 | 29.22 | 11 | 17.54 | 23.48 | 29.57 | 11 | 0.94 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 11 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 11 | 1.50 | ||
Trachypithecus | 16.43 | 23.45 | 28.76 | 28 | 15.72 | 22.59 | 27.13 | 32 | 1.04 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 28 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 32 | 1.33 | ||
Presbytis | 21.13 | 25.14 | 28.42 | 16 | 20.28 | 23.70 | 27.32 | 18 | 1.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 16 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 18 | 1.25 | ||
Hylobatidae | 20.70 | 34.79 | 51.79 | 222 | 11.12 | 23.67 | 35.07 | 192 | 1.47 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 222 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 192 | 1.60 | ||
Pongo | 42.93 | 60.79 | 83.41 | 163 | 38.78 | 58.94 | 78.57 | 156 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 162 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 156 | 0.72 | ||
Gorilla | 30.92 | 45.57 | 58.76 | 122 | 24.56 | 33.72 | 43.53 | 115 | 1.35 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 122 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 115 | 1.00 | ||
Pan | 32.09 | 46.42 | 63.07 | 160 | 22.89 | 34.04 | 44.81 | 170 | 1.36 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 160 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 170 | 0.86 | ||
Homo sapiens | 18.92 | 32.11 | 48.53 | 268 | 12.32 | 21.13 | 25.85 | 267 | 1.52 | -0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 268 | -0.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 267 | N.A. | ||
Ekembo heseloni | 27.86 | 1 | 25.85 | 1 | 1.08 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.08 | 1 | 1.63 | ||||||||||
Nacholapithecus kerioi | 29.70 | 1 | 34.97 | 1 | 0.85 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.91 | ||||||||||
Ardipithecus ramidus | 39.27 | 41.95 | 46.34 | 3 | 27.09 | 1 | 1.55 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 3 | 0.17 | 1 | 1.00 | ||||||
Aus. afarensis | 30.98 | 35.72 | 42.11 | 7 | 19.20 | 27.20 | 45.00 | 9 | 1.31 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 9 | 1.00 | ||
Aus. africanus | 25.29 | 27.68 | 29.18 | 3 | 19.93 | 1 | 1.39 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 3 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.65 | ||||||
Paranthropus robustus | 25.21 | 26.45 | 29.05 | 5 | 25.50 | 1 | 1.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.06 | 1 | 1.67 | ||||||
Homo floresiensis | 28.22 | 1 | 19.42 | 19.52 | 19.63 | 3 | 1.45 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 3 | 0.78 |
表2 现生灵长类参考类群及化石人猿超科成员近节指骨与近节趾骨的NPCH及曲线长度(PCL) 比率
Tab.2 Ratio of normalized phalangeal curve height(NPCH) and curve length(PCL) in manual and pedal proximal phalanges of extant primate taxa and fossil hominoids
类群 Taxon | 曲线长度(PCL, mm) | 标准化曲线高度(NPCH) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
指骨 Manual | 趾骨 Pedal | 均比 Ratio | 指骨 Manual | 趾骨 Pedal | 均比 Ratio | |||||||||||||||
Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | Min | Avg | Max | n | |||||
Ateles | 26.84 | 33.12 | 37.38 | 40 | 25.07 | 28.61 | 31.50 | 32 | 1.16 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 40 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 32 | 1.15 | ||
Alouatta | 20.86 | 23.67 | 27.54 | 8 | 21.09 | 24.78 | 28.06 | 8 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 8 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 8 | 0.92 | ||
Cebus | 12.53 | 16.42 | 20.32 | 48 | 12.92 | 16.81 | 20.04 | 48 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 48 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 48 | 1.00 | ||
Macaca | 13.84 | 19.12 | 26.13 | 140 | 14.50 | 20.42 | 27.44 | 140 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 140 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 140 | 1.25 | ||
Papio | 14.16 | 18.84 | 25.42 | 24 | 14.49 | 19.79 | 27.01 | 24 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 24 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 24 | 1.00 | ||
Colobus | 24.16 | 27.22 | 30.49 | 4 | 20.99 | 25.57 | 29.07 | 4 | 1.06 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 4 | 1.33 | ||
Semnopithecus | 17.89 | 22.13 | 29.22 | 11 | 17.54 | 23.48 | 29.57 | 11 | 0.94 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 11 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 11 | 1.50 | ||
Trachypithecus | 16.43 | 23.45 | 28.76 | 28 | 15.72 | 22.59 | 27.13 | 32 | 1.04 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 28 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 32 | 1.33 | ||
Presbytis | 21.13 | 25.14 | 28.42 | 16 | 20.28 | 23.70 | 27.32 | 18 | 1.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 16 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 18 | 1.25 | ||
Hylobatidae | 20.70 | 34.79 | 51.79 | 222 | 11.12 | 23.67 | 35.07 | 192 | 1.47 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 222 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 192 | 1.60 | ||
Pongo | 42.93 | 60.79 | 83.41 | 163 | 38.78 | 58.94 | 78.57 | 156 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 162 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 156 | 0.72 | ||
Gorilla | 30.92 | 45.57 | 58.76 | 122 | 24.56 | 33.72 | 43.53 | 115 | 1.35 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 122 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 115 | 1.00 | ||
Pan | 32.09 | 46.42 | 63.07 | 160 | 22.89 | 34.04 | 44.81 | 170 | 1.36 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 160 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 170 | 0.86 | ||
Homo sapiens | 18.92 | 32.11 | 48.53 | 268 | 12.32 | 21.13 | 25.85 | 267 | 1.52 | -0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 268 | -0.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 267 | N.A. | ||
Ekembo heseloni | 27.86 | 1 | 25.85 | 1 | 1.08 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.08 | 1 | 1.63 | ||||||||||
Nacholapithecus kerioi | 29.70 | 1 | 34.97 | 1 | 0.85 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.91 | ||||||||||
Ardipithecus ramidus | 39.27 | 41.95 | 46.34 | 3 | 27.09 | 1 | 1.55 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 3 | 0.17 | 1 | 1.00 | ||||||
Aus. afarensis | 30.98 | 35.72 | 42.11 | 7 | 19.20 | 27.20 | 45.00 | 9 | 1.31 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 9 | 1.00 | ||
Aus. africanus | 25.29 | 27.68 | 29.18 | 3 | 19.93 | 1 | 1.39 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 3 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.65 | ||||||
Paranthropus robustus | 25.21 | 26.45 | 29.05 | 5 | 25.50 | 1 | 1.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.06 | 1 | 1.67 | ||||||
Homo floresiensis | 28.22 | 1 | 19.42 | 19.52 | 19.63 | 3 | 1.45 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 3 | 0.78 |
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