安徽禹会村遗址双墩文化时期农业发展的植硅体证据

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0055

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文利用植硅体分析方法，对安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址双墩文化时期44份土壤样品开展植物考古研究，重点关注典型农作物植硅体类型及其形态特征,以及敏感型与固定型植硅体组合特征等。结果显示，禹会村遗址大部分样品中皆发现有水稻特征型植硅体，并未发现粟、黍等旱地作物遗存；水稻扇型及双峰型植硅体形态特征分析显示，水稻遗存为驯化程度较高的粳型稻。以上研究结果表明，该遗址双墩文化时期的农业结构延续了顺山集文化时期以来种植粳型稻为主的传统。此外，通过水稻植硅体高密度样品中敏感型与固定型植硅体含量比值为0.7±0.2推测，该遗址水稻栽培环境属于“高地势-雨水供给”或“低地势-雨水供给”类型。本文研究结果为探讨淮河中游地区新石器时代农业发展、水稻栽培与驯化以及人类适应策略等问题提供了重要科学依据。

关键词: 禹会村, 双墩文化, 水稻, 植硅体, 农业

Abstract:

The Shuangdun Culture Period (7.3-6.8 kaBP) is the characteristic culture with distinctive local traits and some foreign factors in the middle Huai River valley. It is an important medium to understand the relationship of civilizations between the Huai River and the Yellow River and Yangtze River. At present, although some researches on the plant remains of Shuangdun period have been carried out in the middle Huai River valley, there are still lack of consistent views about agricultural development and its influencing factors. The Yuhuicun site, located in Bengbu City, Anhui Province, was excavated by Institute of Archaeological Research of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences during 2017. The typical traits of objects unearthed from this site belong to the Shuangdun culture, Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture, respectively. Thus, it is an ideal site for studying the prehistorical agriculture development of the middle Huai River valley. Previous studies showed that millet remains have been used by Yuhuicun people during Shuangdun culture period. However, there are still no systematic archaeobotany research in the site. In this paper, phytolith analysis was conducted on 44 soil samples of Shuangdun time for investigating the plant remains from the Yuhuicun site, which is focused on the crop phytolith types, the percentage of sensitive phytolith types and fixed phytolith ones, the morphological characteristics of rice bulliform and double-peaked phytoliths. The results indicate that most samples found from the Yuhuicun site are rice phytoliths, while no millet phytoliths were discovered. According to morphological analyses of rice bulliform and double-peaked phytoliths, the proportion of rice bulliform phytoliths which have equal or more than nine shallow fish-scale decorations is 45.8%±3.03%, and that of domesticated rice double-peaked phytoliths is 48.75%±2.7%, and the proportion of japonica-type rice bulliform phytoliths is 70.82%±4.33%. These data indicate that rice remains from the Yuhuicun site were mainly domesticated japonica-type. The above results demonstrates that rice farming at Yuhuicun have inherited the agricultural tradition which had been found since the Shunshanji culture in the middle Huai River valley. Besides, the ratio of sensitive types and fixed ones in the phytolith assemblages from the Yuhuicun site was 0.7±0.2, suggesting that the water environment for rice cultivation at the site belonged to “upland rainfed” type or “lowland rainfed” type. The findings in this research can provide significant evidence for studying the evolution of Neolithic agricultural development patterns, rice cultivation and domestication and human adaptation strategies under the background of prehistoric climate and cultural changes in Central and East China.

Key words: Yuhuicun, Shuangdun Culture Period, rice, phytolith, agriculture

中图分类号:

K871.13/Q948.5

顾纯光, 罗武宏, 张东, 杨玉璋. 安徽禹会村遗址双墩文化时期农业发展的植硅体证据[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(01): 110-121.

GU Chunguang, LUO Wuhong, ZHANG Dong, YANG Yuzhang. Phytolith evidence for the agricultural development during Shuangdun cultural period from the Yuhuicun site, Anhui Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(01): 110-121.

图/表 7

图1 禹会村遗址及相关考古遗址地理位置图

Fig.1 Location of the Yuhuicun site and other related archaeological sites

表1 禹会村遗址木炭的AMS-14C年代数据

Tab.1 AMS-14C data of the charcoal sample of the Yuhuicun site

实验编号 Lab No.	材料Materials	出土单位Context	¹⁴C date (BP)	树轮校正后年代Calibrated date (BC cal)
实验编号 Lab No.	材料Materials	出土单位Context	¹⁴C date (BP)	1σ (68.3%)	2σ (95.4%)
ZK-9624	木炭Charcoal	T6104H061	6260±40	5306(68.3%) 5210	5316 (72.4%) 5204
					5174 (22.8%) 5069
ZK-9629	木炭Charcoal	T6204H037	6170±30	5208 (3.3%) 5202	5214 (94.5%) 5028
				5184 (21.3%) 5146	5021 (0.9%) 5015
				5131 (43.7%) 5054
ZK-9632	木炭Charcoal	T6312(3)下红烧土堆积	6220±40	5290 (10.6%) 5268	5305 (21.1%) 5240
		T6312(3)下红烧土堆积		5218 (6.9%) 5206	5230 (11.4%) 5196
				5172 (50.7%) 5072	5191 (62.9%) 5046
ZK-9633	木炭Charcoal	T6412K4	6240±30	5301 (37.6%) 5252 5224 (12.0%) 5207 5160 (15.9%) 5124 5090 (2.8%) 5083	5306 (58.9%) 5204 5175 (36.6%) 5067

图2 禹会村遗址发现的主要植硅体类型及其他微体化石 a-d. 水稻扇型rice bulliform；e. 并排哑铃型dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement；f-h. 水稻双峰乳突rice double-peaked；i. 多边帽型polyhedrons with conical projection；j. 帽型rondel；k. 扇型cuneiform bulliform；l. 芦苇扇型scutiform bulliform from reed；m. 方型square；n. 长方型rectangle；0. 光滑棒型smooth-elongate；p. 刺棒型elongate-echinate；q. 长鞍型long saddle；r. 短鞍型short saddle；s. 哑铃型bilobate；t. 稗属-β型β-undulated type, ending structures of epidermal long cell from Echinochloa；u. 齿型wavy trapezoid；v. 尖型acicular；w. 导管silicious vessel；x. 海绵骨针断片sponge spicule；y. 硅藻diatom。标尺scale bar：20μm

Fig.2 Main phytolith morphotypes and other microfossils found at the Yuhuicun site

图3 禹会村遗址主要植硅体类型及其他微体遗存的百分比组合图式

Fig.3 Percentage diagram of main phytoliths and other microfossils found from the Yuhuicun site

图4 禹会村等遗址水稻扇体鳞纹不小于9的植硅体的占比

Fig.4 Proportion of rice bulliform phytoliths with fish scaly ornmentation lines no less 9 at the Yuhuicun site and other sites

图5 禹会村等遗址水稻双峰植硅体驯化型比例

Fig.5 Proportion of domesticated rice double-peaked phytoliths at Yuhuicun site and related sites

图6 禹会村遗址及相关遗址敏感型与固定型植硅体含量比值

Fig.6 Percentage of sensitive to fixed phytolith forms at the Yuhuicun site and related sites

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