泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址6A2层的形成过程

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0054

人类学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01): 61-74.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0054

泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址6A2层的形成过程

张月书¹^,²^,³(), 李锋⁴(), 陈福友¹^,³, 仪明洁⁵, 高星¹^,²^,³

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，北京 100044
2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
3.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心，北京 100044
4.北京大学考古文博学院，北京 100871
5.中国人民大学历史学院，北京 100872

收稿日期:2021-05-14 修回日期:2021-08-13 出版日期:2023-02-15 发布日期:2023-02-20
通讯作者: 李锋，研究员，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: fengli@pku.edu.cn
作者简介:张月书，博士研究生，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: zhangyueshu@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1521500);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院国际伙伴计划项目(132311KYSB20190008);中国科学院青年创新促进会(2017102)

Formation processes of Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in the Nihewan Basin

ZHANG Yueshu¹^,²^,³(), LI Feng⁴(), CHEN Fuyou¹^,³, YI Mingjie⁵, GAO Xing¹^,²^,³

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
4. School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871
5. School of History, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872

Received:2021-05-14 Revised:2021-08-13 Online:2023-02-15 Published:2023-02-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东谷坨遗址是泥河湾盆地内重要的旧石器时代早期遗址，其文化层以河湖相堆积为主，大量的文化遗物在埋藏过程中会受到流水等自然作用的影响，明确遗址的形成过程、了解遗物在埋藏过程中被改造的程度是我们开展其他各项研究的基础。2016-2020年，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和河北省文物考古研究院对东谷坨遗址T1区域开展了新的发掘，通过此次发掘，我们将原6A文化层划分为2个亚层。其中6A2为粗砂砾石堆积，显示水动力较强的沉积环境，但该层出土的多数石制品表面新鲜，并未显示出受高能水流的改造或被长距离搬运的特征。鉴于此，我们以探讨搬运改造石制品所形成破损特点为目的设计并实施了模拟搬运试验，开展了遗址内沉积物、石制品特征等多指标分析探讨遗址的形成过程。结果表明，6A2层的多数石制品并非由高能水流搬运而来，而是粗砂砾石堆积在遗址形成后，古人类活动于其上所遗留，此层石制品显示了原地埋藏的特点。

关键词: 早更新世, 泥河湾盆地, 东谷坨遗址, 模拟搬运实验, 遗址形成过程

Abstract:

The Donggutuo site is one of the key Paleolithic sites located on the eastern edge of the Nihewan Basin, which provides vital information about the technological behaviors of the Early Pleistocene hominins. The sediments of the site are mainly silt, clayey silt, sandy and clay, which are typical fluvio-lacustrine deposits. Some horizontal beddings can be seen clearly. As the lithics were buried in the fluvio-lacustrine deposit, it is indispensable to explore the site formation before interpret archaeological remains, for that the hydrologic forces potentially took part in the accumulation of the archaeological materials. From 2016 to 2020, a new excavation was undertaken by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology at Trench 1 area. Through this new excavation, tens of thousands of stone artifacts and a large number of fossils have been unearthed and we have a new understanding of the cultural layer. We identified a new cultural layer based on the former 6A cultural layer, which was defined as 6A2 now. The sediments of layer 6A2 is dominated by sandy gravel and the distribution of the lithics are not uniform. It indicates a high-energy depositional environment. However, the majority unearthed lithics of layer 6A2 do not show the characteristics of being modified by high energy flow or transported over long distances. The evidence between sediments and lithics is conflicting in this layer. This study can help us reveal the formation processes of the Donggutuo site in more detail. The methods of the research can be divided into two categories, the analysis of the lithic and the study of sediments. On the basis of observation of artifacts, we identified some equivocal stone remains (geofacts). In view of this, we designed and implemented a transportation-simulate experiment, it establishes a reference of the morphological modification in a certain context through time. The comparison study between experimental specimens and artifacts from the Donggutuo site will help us to distinguish artifacts from geofacts. In addition, through the study of sedimentary contexts, spatial distributions, debitage size distribution, lithic abrasion and artifacts orientation shows that most of the lithics in layer 6A2 were not transported by high energy water flow, but buried in situ. So we can infer that lithics and the sandy gravel layer may not be formed simultaneous which implies early human occupied the site after the main sedimentation matrix had formed.

Key words: Early Pleistocene, Nihewan basin, Donggutuo site, transportation experiment, formation processes

中图分类号:

P535/K871.11

张月书, 李锋, 陈福友, 仪明洁, 高星. 泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址6A2层的形成过程[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(01): 61-74.

ZHANG Yueshu, LI Feng, CHEN Fuyou, YI Mingjie, GAO Xing. Formation processes of Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(01): 61-74.

图/表 18

图1 东谷坨遗址的地理位置及其探方分布 a.泥河湾盆地 Nihewan basin in North China；b.泥河湾盆地东缘遗址相对位置（修改自参考文献[15]）Relevant sites in the eastern part of Nihewan basin. It is modified from reference [15]；c.东谷坨遗址各探方位置图 Plan distribution of the five trenches；d.东谷坨遗址T1发掘区 Location of the Trench 1

Fig.1 Geographical location and trenches distribution of the Donggutuo site

图2 东谷坨遗址2016-2020年T1发掘区剖面图 a.遗址北剖面图The northern profile；b.地层序列The stratigraphic sequence；c.6A2层单个探方出土考古材料及砾石The archaeological remains and pebbles of one square from layer 6A2

Fig.2 Stratigraphic profile of the Trench 1 excavated in 2016-2020 at the Donggutuo site

表1 2016年东谷坨遗址6A2层出土的石制品

Tab.1 Lithics uncovered from layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in 2016

石制品类型Category		数量Number (n)	百分比Percentage
剥片类Flaked Pieces		117	22%
	石器Retouched pieces	30		5.6%
	石核Cores	87		16.4%
打击类Pounded pieces	石锤Hammer stone	1	0.2%
废片类Detached pieces or Debitage		414	77.8%
	碎块Shatters	139		26.1%
	断块Chunks	111		20.9%
	完整石片Complete Flakes	124		23.3%
	残片Flake Fragements	40		7.5%
总计Total		532	100%

图3 模拟搬运实验 a.打制实验标本 Knapping experimental specimens；b.实验标本称重 Weighting experimental samples；c.实验标本 The experimental samples；d.转动实验装置 Rolling the experimental device

Fig.3 The transportation-simulation experiment

图4 实验标本ZJS-9在不同实验阶段表面的变化（原料来自周家山） a. 5 分钟5 mins；b. 10 分钟10 mins；c. 15 分钟15 mins；d. 20 分钟 20 mins

Fig.4 The changes on the surface of an experimental sample at different stages(raw material was collected at the Zhoujiashan hill)

图5 实验标本与遗址出土标本 a. 实验改造标本 Experimental modified sample；b. 东谷坨遗址6A2层出土石器 Retouched piece from Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site；c. 疑似石制品 Geofacts；d.实验修理石器 Experimental retouched piece

Fig.5 The experimental samples and unearthed lithics

图6 不同实验阶段改造标本的片疤长度

Fig.6 The size of scars of experimental samples in different experimental stages

图7 东谷坨6A2层疑似石制品和石器的片疤长度

Fig.7 The scars size of geofacts and retouched pieces from the Dongguguo site layer 6A2

表2 实验标本和考古标本片疤长度t检验结果

Tab.2 Results of t test on scar sizes of the experimental samples and stone artifacts

检验项目 t-test Category	t	p
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 遗址出土石器 Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site	-13.135	4.03742E-98
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 疑似石制品 Geofacts	-13.297	1.9497E-117
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces	-8.828	1.6091E-62
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site	0.604	0.571729284
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 实验修理标本 Exp. retouched pieces	1.834	0.06721793
遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces	1.357	0.175044886

表3 实验标本和考古标本的片疤数量

Tab.3 Number of scar of the experimental and the archaeological samples (n)

标本类型Type		最小值Min	最大值Max	平均数AVG	中位数Med	方差Var
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples(Ex.m)	5 mins (Ex.5)	4	65	27	26	194.7
	10 mins (Ex.10)	17	66	42	40	165.8
	15 mins (Ex.15)	23	80	48	47.5	168.5
	20 mins (Ex.20)	27	102	56	55.5	295.8
实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces(Ex.r)		3	10	6	5	3.9
出土石器Retouched pieces from the Donggutuo site (DGT)		3	9	5	5	2.4
疑似石制品Geofacts(Geo)		1	20	5	5	12.7

图8 实验和考古标本的有疤边缘占比

Fig.8 The proportion of edge with scars of experimental and archaeological samples

图9 实验和考古标本的刃缘角度

Fig.9 The edge angle of experimental and archaeological samples

图10 实验和考古标本的片疤分布状况及其连续性

Fig.10 The distribution and continuity of scars of experimental and archaeological samples

表4 实验数据和东谷坨遗址废片长度分布数据

Tab.4 Data of debitage size distribution of experiments and the Donggutuo site

来源Data source→ 数量Number(n)↘ 长度Size(cm)↓	东谷坨Donggutuo	文献Refference [34,35]	文献Refference [33]
0.5-1	101	6101	1635
1-2	507	2394	2422
2-3	173	662	947
3-4	76	331	410
4-5	30	210	221
5-6	13	165	129
6-7	2	101	75
7-8	1	60	41
8-9	0	34	29
9-10	0	7	6
10-11	0	4	5
11-12	0	1	3
12-13	0	0	1
13-14	0	0	1
14-15	0	0	2
15-16	0	0	1
16-17	0	0	2
17-18	0	0	0
18-19	0	0	0
19-20	0	0	1

图11 东谷坨遗址、任进成等实验[34,35]与Kathy Schick实验[33]废片尺寸分布对比 a.所有废片 All of the debitages；b. L≥1 cm的废片 debitages L≥1 cm

Fig.11 Comparison of debitage size distributions among the Donggutuo site and the Renjincheng et al’s[34,35] and Schick’s experiments[33]

图12 东谷坨遗址6A2层不同类型石制品磨圆程度

Fig.12 Abrasion stages of lithics from layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site

图13 东谷坨遗址6A2层遗物空间分布 a. 6A2层遗物平面分布及微地形 Spatial distribution of the archaeological remians and the microtopography of layer 6A2；b.遗物空间分布三维散点图 3D scatter plot for the archaeological remians of layer 6A2

Fig.13 The spatial distribution of the archaeological remians in layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site

图14 东谷坨遗址6A2层遗物走向

Fig.14 The orientation of archaeological remains from layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site

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泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址6A2层的形成过程

Formation processes of Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in the Nihewan Basin

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