河北蔚县南柏山遗址晚更新世河套大角鹿角化石

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0001

人类学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (02): 225-237.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0001cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0001

河北蔚县南柏山遗址晚更新世河套大角鹿角化石

梅惠杰¹(), 张贝², 雷华蕊³, 同号文⁴^,⁵()

1.河北师范大学历史文化学院，泥河湾考古研究院，石家庄 050024
2.北京自然博物馆，北京 100050
3.北京大学城市与环境学院，地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室，北京 100871
4.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，北京 100044
5.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2022-03-04 出版日期:2023-04-15 发布日期:2023-04-03
通讯作者: 同号文，研究员，主要从事第四纪哺乳动物化石研究。E-mail: tonghaowen@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:梅惠杰，副教授，主要从事旧石器考古学研究。E-mail: pkumhj@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42172021);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项B类(XDB26000000);国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1521500);河北省2017年度省级文物保护经费和北京市市级财政专项资助

Antler fossil of Sinomegaceros ordosianus from Nanbaishan site of Late Pleistocene age in Yüxian, Hebei Province

MEI Huijie¹(), ZHANG Bei², LEI Huarui³, TONG Haowen⁴^,⁵()

1. Institute of Nihewan Archaeology, College of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024
2. Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050
3. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
4. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
5. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2022-03-04 Online:2023-04-15 Published:2023-04-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大角鹿是我国北方中-晚更新世遗址中最常见动物化石之一，也是更新世期间我国北方动物群的代表性动物之一。除周口店地区之外，其他遗址出土的大角鹿化石都十分零碎，极少有完整的大角鹿鹿角发现。再加上对大角鹿不同年龄阶段鹿角的发育情况更是知之甚少，因此，以往仅凭鹿角形态所做的分类值得商榷。2018年，在河北省蔚县南柏山旧石器时代遗址发现1件几乎完整的大角鹿鹿角化石。鹿角很大，眉枝和主枝掌部都呈薄片状，掌部无指突；眉枝和主枝掌部的延展面基本一致，但不完全平行，主枝角干在基部有明显弯曲，但“S”形并不明显，总体特征与晚更新世河套大角鹿(Sinomegaceros ordosianus)的基本一致。该标本是迄今发现的最完整的河套大角鹿角化石。含该化石的地层成因尚不确定，初步的光释光测年结果是距今约11万年前，属于旧石器时代中期。

关键词: 中华大角鹿属, 角化石, 南柏山遗址, 晚更新世, 河北蔚县

Abstract:

Giant deer is among the most common animals of Mid-Late Pleistocene sites in northern China, and was one of the representative icons of the Pleistocene fauna in northern China, while the fossil materials are fairly poor and very few complete antlers were ever recovered, except those from Zhoukoudian site; on the other hand, the knowledge about the age-related changes of the antlers is absolutely insufficient. Therefore, the previous taxonomic work based only on the antler features is open to questions.

In 2018, a quite complete antler of giant deer was recovered from the Nanbaishan site of Middle Paleolithic period in Yüxian County, Hebei Province. The antler is quite big; brow tine and the palmation of beam are thin and fan-like, without palm tines; the brow tine and the palmation of beam run along two nearly parallel planes, but are not exactly parallel; the shaft of the beam bends at the basal part, but the sigmoid form is not prominent. In general morphology, the new antler is very close to that of Sinomegaceros ordosianus. The new specimen represents the most complete antler of S. ordosianus ever recovered. The dimensions (L: length & W: width) of the palmate is 670×526.8 mm; the dimensions (L& W) of the brow tine is 510×480 mm, the length and circumference of the beam are 270 and 193 mm respectively, the circumference of the burr is 310 mm. The first phalanx is robust, its greatest length is 77.7 mm; proximal width is 29.2 mm, transverse and antero-posterior diameters are 24.0 and 26.0 mm respectively.

In China, quite a number of megalocerine taxa had been named at the species and subspecies levels, namely Sinomegaceros pachyosteus, S. ordosianus, S. flabellatus, S. konwanlinensis, S. youngi, S. luochuanensis, S. sangganhoensis, S. o. mentougouensis and S. baotouensis, among which S. ordosianus is the most widely distributed species and has the richest fossil records. On the contrary, S. baotouensis is the least known species which only represented by one shed antler and one metatarsal bone. With only a few exceptions, e.g. Tangshan near Nanjing, Zhoushan island in Zhejiang and Hualong Cave in Anhui, all the other megalocerine fossil sites in China occur north of the Yangtze River, and most of them are located in northern China. The fossils of S. ordosianus were frequently appeared in the prehistoric site, which indicates that the giant deer was very probably among the food sources of early humans. The OSL age of the Nanbaishan site is around 110 kaBP, which falls into the range of the Middle Paleolithic period.

Key words: Sinomegaceros, antler fossil, Nanbaishan site, Late Pleistocene, Yüxian, Hebei

中图分类号:

Q915.87

梅惠杰, 张贝, 雷华蕊, 同号文. 河北蔚县南柏山遗址晚更新世河套大角鹿角化石[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(02): 225-237.

MEI Huijie, ZHANG Bei, LEI Huarui, TONG Haowen. Antler fossil of Sinomegaceros ordosianus from Nanbaishan site of Late Pleistocene age in Yüxian, Hebei Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(02): 225-237.

图/表 8

图1 南柏山遗址地理位置图注. 数字高程模型（DEM)数据来源于我国地理空间数据云平台的GDEMV2 30M分辨率数字高程数据，然后经软件ArcGIS 10.8处理

Fig.1 Location map of Nanbaishan site

图2 南柏山遗址地貌及地层剖面图

Fig.2 Landscape and stratigraphic section of Nanbaishan site

图3 河北蔚县南柏山遗址的河套大角鹿化石 a. 18NBS(4):006,右角right antler (内侧视medial view)；b. 17NBS(4):002,第一趾节骨first phalanx (b1.前视anterior view; b2.中侧视interdigital view; b3.外侧视lateral view)

Fig.3 New remains of Sinomegaceros ordosianus from Nanbaishan, Yüxian of Hebei

表1 河套大角鹿鹿角测量及相关对比（mm)

Tab.1 Measurements of antler of Sinomegaceros ordosianus, compared with related taxa (mm)

属种taxon	河套大角鹿S. ordosianus					肿骨鹿S. pachyosteus	扁角鹿S. flabellatus	洛川大角鹿S. luochuanensis
地点Locality	南柏山 Nanbai- shan	丁村 Dingcun^[35]	周家油坊 Zhoujia- youfang^[36]	闫家岗 Yanjia- gang^[33]	灵井Lingjing^[37]	周口店 ZKD 1^[11]	周口店 ZKD 13^[5]	陕西洛川^[26] Luochuan
角总长度L(Antler)	930	-	-	-	-	260-576	950-1050	530
角环周长C (Burr)	310	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
角环前后径d(Antero-posterior of burr)	104.7	78.0-99.8	62.0-94.8	41.1-91.5	103.3	74-94	-	65
角环内外径d(Medial-lateral of burr)	96.4	74.0-99.0	68.2-95.5	49.0-97.1	98.2	-	-	54
眉枝最大高H_max(Brow tine)	480	-	-	-	-	-	350-530	174
眉枝最大宽b_max(Brow tine)	510	-	-	-	-	-	250-300	260
眉枝基部宽b(Base of brow tine)	114.6	74.5-88.0	59.5-92.7	43.3-97.2	-	-	-	-
主枝角干周长C (Shaft)	193	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
主枝角干前后径d(Antero-posterior of shaft)	59.8	48.0-51.1	50.4-87.0	32.5-70.5	53.7	46-94	-	56
主枝角干上下(横)径d(Superoinferior of shaft)	56.7	53.3-69.0	51.5-95.0	22.5-56.9	45.3	-	-	42
主枝角干长L(Shaft)	270	-	-	-	-	-	-	120
主枝掌部最大长L_max( Palmation)	526.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
主枝掌部最大宽b_max(Palmation)	670	-	-	-	-	-	450	400

图4 河套大角鹿右角化石的激光扫描三维重建 a.前侧视(anterior view); b.后侧视(posterior view); c-d.底端视(basal view); e.外侧视(lateral view); f.内侧视(medial view) （鉴于标本的三维虚拟图像是在角度较大的透视视角下输出的，所以不同部位的比例差别很大，故此图没有标注比例尺）

Fig.4 3D-reconstruction of antler fossil of Sinomegaceros ordosianus

图5 河套大角鹿复原图（许勇绘制）

Fig.5 Reconstruction of Sinomegaceros ordosianus (Drawn by Xu Yong)

图6 中华大角鹿的地史分布气候曲线数据源自LR04，参考文献[38] 1.塔吉克中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros tadzhikistanis; 2.公王岭中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros konwanlinensis; 3.扁角中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros flabellatus; 4.肿骨中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros pachyosteus; 5.祥原中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros sangwonensis; 6.洛川中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros luochuanensis; 7.桑干河中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros sangganhoensis; 8.包头中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros baotouensis; 9.河套大角鹿Sinomegaceros ordosianus; 10.河套大角鹿门头沟亚种Sinomegaceros ordosianus mentougouensis; 11.矢部中华大角鹿Sinomegaceros yabei

Fig.6 Geological distribution of the genus Sinomegaceros The data of the climate curve was adopted from LR04 [38]

表2 含大角鹿地层中石英样品的光释光测年结果

Tab.2 Samples of the fossil-bearing strata and the luminescence dating results

样品编号Sample	铀含量 U(/10⁶)	钍含量 Th(/10⁶)	钾含量 K(%)	水含量 H₂O(%)	剂量率 Dose rate (Gy/ka)	测片数Number of aliquots	等效剂量 Equivalent dose(Gy)	年龄 Age (kaBP)
18NBS-OSL-01 （东侧East）	1.93±0.04	13.07±0.16	2.06±0.04	15±5	3.70±0.13	7	406.20±6.56	109.9±4.2
18NBS-OSL-02 （西侧West）	2.06±0.05	9.10±0.06	2.10±0.07	15±5	3.42±0.13	7	369.27±7.77	108.1±4.6

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河北蔚县南柏山遗址晚更新世河套大角鹿角化石

Antler fossil of Sinomegaceros ordosianus from Nanbaishan site of Late Pleistocene age in Yüxian, Hebei Province

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