甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0035

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (03): 389-397.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0035

甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

Jenna M DITTMAR¹^,^*, 詹小雅²^,⁶, Elizabeth BERGER³, 毛瑞林⁴, 王辉⁴, 赵永生⁵, 叶惠媛⁶

1. 剑桥大学麦克唐纳考古研究所,剑桥市 CB2 3ER,英国
2. 罗格斯大学人类学系,新布朗士威克市 08901,美国
3. 密歇根大学李侃如-罗睿驰中国研究中心,安娜堡市 48109-1042,美国
4. 甘肃省文物考古研究所,兰州 730000, 中国
5. 山东大学历史文化学院,济南 250100,中国
6. 新加坡南洋理工大学人类学院历史学系,新加坡,637332

收稿日期:2017-12-14 修回日期:2018-09-18 出版日期:2019-08-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
通讯作者: Jenna M DITTMAR
作者简介:Jenna Dittmar博士（1986.6-）,现就职于英国剑桥大学麦克唐纳考古研究所,担任研究助理一职,同时也任职于剑桥大学达尔文学院,其主要研究方向为生物考古及古病理学。
基金资助:
新加坡南洋理工大学初创研究基金(NAP Grant);剑桥大学桑坦德国际基金(Santander Mobility Grant)

Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China

Jenna M DITTMAR¹^,^*, ZHAN Xiaoya²^,⁶, Elizabeth BERGER³, MAO Ruilin⁴, WANG Hui⁴, ZHAO Yongsheng⁵, YE Huiyuan⁶

1. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
2. Rutgers University, Anthropology Department, New Jersey 08901, USA
3. Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA
4. Gansu Provincial Institute for Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Lanzhou 730000
5. School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan 250100
6. School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637332

Received:2017-12-14 Revised:2018-09-18 Online:2019-08-15 Published:2020-09-10
Contact: Jenna M DITTMAR

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为脑外科手术的一种,开颅术在世界多地史前遗址中均有发现。大量发现表明开颅术在颅骨上的尺寸、位置及手术原因千差万别。开颅术在中国境内亦有发现;但在齐家文化（2300-1500BC）遗址中十分少见。位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治区临潭县陈旗乡的磨沟遗址是一处重要的齐家文化墓葬遗址。本文将重点讨论一例磨沟出土的开颅个体,该成年男性个体(M179:R2)颅骨上有愈合程度较高的开颅术的痕迹;同时,将其与其他同时期（3000~0 BC）中国出土的开颅术个体进行比较分析,从而论证阐述开颅术实行的原因及过程。该个体左侧顶骨冠状缝后侧位置处有一圆形穿孔,其小孔边缘不甚规则,且有明显愈合痕迹。穿孔切口的特征显示该穿孔由刮削法完成。但由于该穿孔高度愈合,我们无法准确判断完成穿孔所使用的工具。该个体上开颅术的特征以及相关考古学资料使得作者们认为M179:R2进行开颅术的原因或与巫术仪式有关。同时,磨沟出土的其他带有开颅术个体（大多数是男性,且颅骨开颅处愈合程度较高）也支持这一观点。

关键词: 开颅术, 外科手术, 中国西北, 磨沟, 青铜时代

Abstract:

Evidence of cranial surgery, in the form of trepanations, has been found at prehistoric archaeological sites from all over the world. Within this large body of evidence, it is clear that trepanations vary in size, location and the reason for which they were performed. Numerous trepanations have been discovered at archaeological sites across China, but very few have come from Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC) sites in Northwest China. This research describes a well-healed trepanation on an adult male individual(M179:R2) from the Mogou site and compares it to contemporaneous examples from China that date from 3000~0 BC in order to elucidate how and why this procedure was performed. A small circular opening with slightly irregular, but well-healed, margins was identified on the left parietal bone, immediately posterior to the coronal suture. The characteristics of the lesion suggest that the scraping method was employed to create the opening. Unfortunately, the advanced stage of healing made the identification of the specific instrument used in the trepanation impossible. The characteristics of the incision and the archaeological context led the authors to propose that the trepanation on M179:R2 was performed as part of a magico-ritual, rather than for a non-ritual medical purpose. This is supported by the presence of multiple individuals, mainly men, from the Mogou site with similar well-healed trepanations.

Key words: Trepanation, Surgery, Northwest China, Mogou, Bronze Age

中图分类号:

Q983

Jenna M DITTMAR, 詹小雅, Elizabeth BERGER, 毛瑞林, 王辉, 赵永生, 叶惠媛. 甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 389-397.

Jenna M DITTMAR, ZHAN Xiaoya, Elizabeth BERGER, MAO Ruilin, WANG Hui, ZHAO Yongsheng, YE Huiyuan. Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(03): 389-397.

图/表 3

Fig.1 Map showing the modern borders of Gansu Province and the location of the Mogou site, Lintan County, Gansu

Fig.2 a) Superior view of the skull of M179:R2 showing the location of the trepanation; b) Close up of trepanation from the superior view showing the location and extent of scraping

Fig.3 Superior view of skulls with trepanations found at Mogou; a) 1331:R2, b) 662:R2, c) 1381, d) 1247:R2

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甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China

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