甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0035

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (03): 389-397.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0035cstr: 32091.14.j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0035

甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

Jenna M DITTMAR¹^,^*, 詹小雅²^,⁶, Elizabeth BERGER³, 毛瑞林⁴, 王辉⁴, 赵永生⁵, 叶惠媛⁶

1. 剑桥大学麦克唐纳考古研究所,剑桥市 CB2 3ER,英国
2. 罗格斯大学人类学系,新布朗士威克市 08901,美国
3. 密歇根大学李侃如-罗睿驰中国研究中心,安娜堡市 48109-1042,美国
4. 甘肃省文物考古研究所,兰州 730000, 中国
5. 山东大学历史文化学院,济南 250100,中国
6. 新加坡南洋理工大学人类学院历史学系,新加坡,637332

收稿日期:2017-12-14 修回日期:2018-09-18 出版日期:2019-08-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
通讯作者: Jenna M DITTMAR
作者简介:Jenna Dittmar博士（1986.6-）,现就职于英国剑桥大学麦克唐纳考古研究所,担任研究助理一职,同时也任职于剑桥大学达尔文学院,其主要研究方向为生物考古及古病理学。
基金资助:
新加坡南洋理工大学初创研究基金(NAP Grant);剑桥大学桑坦德国际基金(Santander Mobility Grant)

Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China

Jenna M DITTMAR¹^,^*, ZHAN Xiaoya²^,⁶, Elizabeth BERGER³, MAO Ruilin⁴, WANG Hui⁴, ZHAO Yongsheng⁵, YE Huiyuan⁶

1. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
2. Rutgers University, Anthropology Department, New Jersey 08901, USA
3. Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA
4. Gansu Provincial Institute for Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Lanzhou 730000
5. School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan 250100
6. School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637332

Received:2017-12-14 Revised:2018-09-18 Online:2019-08-15 Published:2020-09-10
Contact: Jenna M DITTMAR

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为脑外科手术的一种,开颅术在世界多地史前遗址中均有发现。大量发现表明开颅术在颅骨上的尺寸、位置及手术原因千差万别。开颅术在中国境内亦有发现;但在齐家文化（2300-1500BC）遗址中十分少见。位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治区临潭县陈旗乡的磨沟遗址是一处重要的齐家文化墓葬遗址。本文将重点讨论一例磨沟出土的开颅个体,该成年男性个体(M179:R2)颅骨上有愈合程度较高的开颅术的痕迹;同时,将其与其他同时期（3000~0 BC）中国出土的开颅术个体进行比较分析,从而论证阐述开颅术实行的原因及过程。该个体左侧顶骨冠状缝后侧位置处有一圆形穿孔,其小孔边缘不甚规则,且有明显愈合痕迹。穿孔切口的特征显示该穿孔由刮削法完成。但由于该穿孔高度愈合,我们无法准确判断完成穿孔所使用的工具。该个体上开颅术的特征以及相关考古学资料使得作者们认为M179:R2进行开颅术的原因或与巫术仪式有关。同时,磨沟出土的其他带有开颅术个体（大多数是男性,且颅骨开颅处愈合程度较高）也支持这一观点。

关键词: 开颅术, 外科手术, 中国西北, 磨沟, 青铜时代

Abstract:

Evidence of cranial surgery, in the form of trepanations, has been found at prehistoric archaeological sites from all over the world. Within this large body of evidence, it is clear that trepanations vary in size, location and the reason for which they were performed. Numerous trepanations have been discovered at archaeological sites across China, but very few have come from Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC) sites in Northwest China. This research describes a well-healed trepanation on an adult male individual(M179:R2) from the Mogou site and compares it to contemporaneous examples from China that date from 3000~0 BC in order to elucidate how and why this procedure was performed. A small circular opening with slightly irregular, but well-healed, margins was identified on the left parietal bone, immediately posterior to the coronal suture. The characteristics of the lesion suggest that the scraping method was employed to create the opening. Unfortunately, the advanced stage of healing made the identification of the specific instrument used in the trepanation impossible. The characteristics of the incision and the archaeological context led the authors to propose that the trepanation on M179:R2 was performed as part of a magico-ritual, rather than for a non-ritual medical purpose. This is supported by the presence of multiple individuals, mainly men, from the Mogou site with similar well-healed trepanations.

Key words: Trepanation, Surgery, Northwest China, Mogou, Bronze Age

中图分类号:

Q983

Jenna M DITTMAR, 詹小雅, Elizabeth BERGER, 毛瑞林, 王辉, 赵永生, 叶惠媛. 甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 389-397.

Jenna M DITTMAR, ZHAN Xiaoya, Elizabeth BERGER, MAO Ruilin, WANG Hui, ZHAO Yongsheng, YE Huiyuan. Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(03): 389-397.

图/表 3

Fig.1 Map showing the modern borders of Gansu Province and the location of the Mogou site, Lintan County, Gansu

Fig.2 a) Superior view of the skull of M179:R2 showing the location of the trepanation; b) Close up of trepanation from the superior view showing the location and extent of scraping

Fig.3 Superior view of skulls with trepanations found at Mogou; a) 1331:R2, b) 662:R2, c) 1381, d) 1247:R2

参考文献 26

[1]	Han KX, Chen XC. The archaeological evidence of trepanation in early China[J]. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 2007,27:22-27
[2]	Roberts CA, Mckinley J. Review of trepanations in British antiquity focusing on funerary context to explain their occurrence[A]. In: Arnott R, Finger S, Smith CUM, eds. Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory. Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers: Lisse, 2003: 55-78
[3]	Zhang Q, Wang Q, Kong BY, et al. A scientific analysis of cranial trepanation from an Early Iron Age cemetery on the ancient Silk Road in Xinjiang, China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018,10(6):1319-1327 doi: 10.1007/s12520-016-0461-6 URL
[4]	Weber J, Wahl J. Neurosurgical aspects of trepanations from Neolithic times. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2006,16:536-545. DOI: 10.1002/oa.844 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212 URL
[5]	Arnott R, Finger S, Smith CUM. Trepanation: History, discovery, theory. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers, 2007
[6]	He XL. Skull opening before death or perforation after death: Discussion on Chinese skull opening 5000 years back. Journal of Guanxi University for Nationalities, 2010,32(1):58-70
[7]	Han KX, Tan JZ, He CK. Trepanation in Ancient China. Fudan: University Press, 2007
[8]	Lisowski FP. Prehistoric and early historic trepanation. In: Brothwell D, Sandison AT, eds. Diseases in Antiquity. Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1967, 651-672
[9]	Grattan JHG, Singer CJ eds. Anglo-Saxon magic and medicine: Illustrated specially from the semi-pagan Text “Lacnunga” (No.3). London: Oxford University Press, 1952
[10]	Lv XL, Li ZG, Li YX. Prehistoric skull trepanation in China. World Neurosurgery, 2013,80(6):897-899 URL pmid: 23022649
[11]	Liu XY, Lightfoot E, O’Connell TC, et al. From necessity to choice: Dietary revolutions in west China in the second millennium BC. World Archaeology, 2014, 46(5):661-680 DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2014.953706 doi: 10.1080/00438243.2014.953706 URL
[12]	Mao R, Qian YP, Xie Y, et al. Gansu Lintan Mogou Qijia wenhua mudi fajue jianbao[Excavation of Mogou cemetery of Qijia culture in Gansu Province]. Wenwu(Cultral Relics), 2009,641:10-24
[13]	Xie Y, Qian YP, Mao RL, et al. 2009. Gansu Lintan xian Mogou Qijia wenhua mudi: A Qijia cultural cemetery, Mogou in Lintan County, Gansu Province. Kaogu(Archaeology), 2009,49(7):10-17
[14]	Chen HH. The Qijia Culture of the Upper Yellow River Valley. In: Underhill AP ed. A companion to Chinese archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013, 105-124
[15]	Liu L, Chen XC. The archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012
[16]	Womack A, Jaffe Y, Zhou J, et al. Mapping Qijiaping: New work on the type-site of the Qijia Culture(2300-1500 BC) in Gansu Province, China. Journal of Field Archaeology, 42(6): 488-502 DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2017.1384669 doi: 10.1080/00934690.2017.1384669 URL
[17]	Buikstra JE, Mielke JH. Demography, diet and health. US: Academic Press, 1985
[18]	Phenice TW. A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1969,30:297-301 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330300214 URL pmid: 5772048
[19]	Klales AR, Ousley SD, Vollner JM. A revised method of sexing the human innominate using Phenice’s nonmetric traits and statistical methods. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2012,149(1):104-114 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22102 URL
[20]	Lovejoy C, Meindl RS, Pryzbeck TR, et al. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the illium: A new method for the determination of age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1985,68:15-28 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330680103 URL pmid: 4061599
[21]	Brooks S, Suchey JM. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution, 1990,5(3):227-238 doi: 10.1007/BF02437238 URL
[22]	Buckberry JL, Chamberlain AT. Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: A revised method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2002, 119(3):231-239 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10130 URL pmid: 12365035
[23]	Verano JW. Differential diagnosis: Trepanation. International Journal of Paleopathology, 2016,14, 1-9 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.04.001 URL pmid: 29539523
[24]	Nerlich AG, Peschel O, Zink A, et al. The pathology of trepanation: Differential diagnosis, healing and dry bone appearance in modern cases. In: Arnott R, Finger S, Smith CUM eds. Trepanation: History, discovery, theory. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers, 2003, 43-54
[25]	Parker SJ, Scragg D. Skulls, symbols and surgery: A review of evidence for trepanation in Anglo-Saxon England and a consideration of the motives behind the practice. In: Scragg DG ed. Superstition and popular medicine in Anglo-Saxon England, Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies, Manchester: University of Manchester, 1989, 73-84
[26]	Zhao YS. Gansu Lintan Mogou mudi rengu yanjiu(A research on the human skeletons of Mogou graveyard, Lintan County, Gansu Province). Jilin University, Department of Archaeology and Museology. Changchun, China. PhD, 2014

甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

Ritualistic cranial surgery in the Qijia Culture (2300-1500 BC), Gansu, China

在线阅读

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 3

参考文献 26

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	芦永秀, 董广辉. 西北不同降水区域新石器至青铜时代人类活动与环境变化的关系[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(04): 749-763.
[2]	梁琪瑶, 张伟, 陈全家, 田禾. 黑龙江齐齐哈尔洪河遗址出土的骨器[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(05): 751-763.
[3]	魏东, 王永笛, 吴勇. 新疆喀什下坂地墓地青铜时代人群颅骨的测量性状[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(03): 404-419.
[4]	邵会秋. 《青铜时代至早期铁器时代新疆哈密地区古代人群的变迁与交流模式研究》评介[J]. 人类学学报, 2018, 37(03): 496-497.
[5]	先怡衡;李延祥;杨岐黄. 洛南鸡眼窑绿松石矿业遗址的石锤[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(04): 549-560.
[6]	赵永生;曾雯;王辉;毛瑞林;朱泓. 磨沟墓地古代居民头骨的形态学分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(02): 181-197.
[7]	赵永生;曾雯;毛瑞林;朱泓. 甘肃临潭磨沟墓地人骨的牙齿健康状况[J]. 人类学学报, 2014, 33(04): 483-494.
[8]	张旭;朱泓;王明辉;巫新华. 新疆于田流水墓地青铜时代人类牙齿非测量性状[J]. 人类学学报, 2014, 33(04): 460-470.
[9]	张全超;朱泓. 新疆鄯善洋海青铜时代居民眶顶板筛孔样病变的调查[J]. 人类学学报, 2006, 25(02): 102-105.
[10]	陈靓. 瓦窑沟青铜时代墓地颅骨的人类学特征[J]. 人类学学报, 2000, 19(01): 32-90.
[11]	陈山. 克什克腾旗龙头山青铜时代颅骨的人类学研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2000, 19(01): 21-88.
[12]	刘武,王善才. 湖北长阳青铜时代人类乳齿特征的研究[J]. 人类学学报, 1998, 17(03): 177-190.
[13]	郑晓瑛. 甘肃酒泉青铜时代人类头骨种系类型的研究[J]. 人类学学报, 1993, 12(04): 327-336.
[14]	张振标. 中国古代人类遗骸的骨折病例[J]. 人类学学报, 1993, 12(04): 319-326.
[15]	郑晓瑛. 中国甘肃酒泉青铜时代人类股骨化学元素含量分析[J]. 人类学学报, 1993, 12(03): 241-250.