山东新泰乌珠台人类牙齿的形态学特征

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0041

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (03): 446-459.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0041

山东新泰乌珠台人类牙齿的形态学特征

孙承凯¹(), 孙小玲², 周蜜³, 刘立群¹, 邢松⁴^,⁵^,^*()

1. 山东博物馆,济南 250014
2. 湖北省博物馆,武汉 430077
3. 湖北省文物考古研究所,武汉 430077
4. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物进化系统学重点实验室,北京 100044
5. 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044

收稿日期:2018-06-22 修回日期:2018-09-20 出版日期:2019-08-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
通讯作者: 邢松
作者简介:孙承凯,山东博物馆副研究馆员,Email: sunchengk@126.com
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金(41872030)

Morphological studies on Wuzhutai tooth, Xintai of Shandong Province

SUN Chengkai¹(), SUN Xiaoling², ZHOU Mi³, LIU Liqun¹, XING Song⁴^,⁵^,^*()

1. Shandong Museum, Jinan 250014
2. Hubei Museum, Wuhan 430077
3. Institute of Archeology and Cultural Relics of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430077
4. Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
5. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044

Received:2018-06-22 Revised:2018-09-20 Online:2019-08-15 Published:2020-09-10
Contact: XING Song

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近些年在东亚发现的晚更新世现代人化石及其研究使得关于该地区现代人起源问题更加复杂,更多该时段人类标本的研究有助于对其有更清晰的认识。1966年在山东新泰乌珠台发现一枚古人类下颌臼齿,吴新智和宗冠福（1973）对其进行了报道,而后再无详细研究。本文将使用牙齿非测量性状的半定量化（分级）、齿冠外轮廓形状的几何形态测量、基于显微断层扫描（Micro-computed tomography 或 micro-CT）的釉质厚度、釉质厚度分布规律和齿质表面三维结构复原等方法对乌珠台人类牙齿进行综合研究,进而对东亚晚更新世古人类牙齿形态特征变异有一个进一步的了解。结果显示,乌珠台人类牙齿的形态特征基本与现代人接近,但其所表现出的三角座横脊、Y型齿沟排列、原附尖在现代人中出现率较低,而更多发现在直立人或尼安德特人中。相对于东亚其他晚更新世现代人,乌珠台M₃所表现出的特征组合具有特殊性,增加了东亚晚更新世现代人的牙齿形态特征多样性。未来研究可尝试测定乌珠台人类牙齿的绝对年代,以更好的将其归入到现代人演化序列中去。

关键词: 晚更新世现代人, 牙齿, 形态特征, 显微断层扫描

Abstract:

Recent fossil findings have complicated the scenario of East Asian modern human evolution and dispersal in Late Pleistocene, necessitating more fossil from this period to better elucidate it. In 1966, a lower molar of fossil human was recovered at Wuzhutai, Xintai of Shandong province, and Wu and Zong reported it in 1973. However, there is no further detailed study on this tooth afterwards. The present study will reassess its morphologies using grading system of dental non-metrics, geometric morphometric analysis of the crown outline shape, measurement of two- and three- dimensional (2D and 3D) enamel thickness, and visualization of 3D enamel thickness distribution. We aim at a further understanding of morphological variation of East Asian Late Pleistocene hominins. The results show that the dental morphologies of Wuzhutai tooth generally fit into the spectrum of modern human variations. However, its trigonid crest, Y pattern of occlusal groove arrangement, and high-degree protostylid are more likely found in Homo erectus or Neanderthals rather than in modern human. Compared with the other East Asian Late Pleistocene hominins, the combination of traits expressed by Wuzhutai tooth is unique and expanding the known morphological diversity. The future study could try to acquire the chronological age of Wuzhutai hominin, in order to better add it into the evolutionary sequence of modern human evolution.

Key words: Modern human, tooth, morphology, micro-computed tomography

中图分类号:

Q983

孙承凯, 孙小玲, 周蜜, 刘立群, 邢松. 山东新泰乌珠台人类牙齿的形态学特征[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 446-459.

SUN Chengkai, SUN Xiaoling, ZHOU Mi, LIU Liqun, XING Song. Morphological studies on Wuzhutai tooth, Xintai of Shandong Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(03): 446-459.

图/表 10

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		M₁		M₂		M₃		数据来源
		例数	地点	例数	地点	例数	地点	数据来源
东亚早/中更新世直立人		19	Sangiran, 淅川, 周口店	12	Sangiran, 和县, 沂源, 周口店	22	Sangiran, 和县, 陈家窝子, 周口店	[7-8]
尼安德特人		8	Hortus, Krapina, St. Césaire, Vindija	14	Arcy GrotteRenne, Arcy Hyene, Hortus, Krapina, La Quina, Regourdou, St. Césaire, Subalyuk, Vindija	35	Arcy Hyene, Arcy Sur Cure, Ehringsdorf , Genay (Core D'OR) , Hortus, Krapina, La Quina, Ochoz, Petit Puymoyen, Regourdou, Spy, St. Césaire, Shanidar, Subalyuk, Tabun, Vindija	Wolpoff, personal communication
全新世现代人	非洲	20	南非	20	南非	20	南非	-
全新世现代人	东亚	20	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口	20	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口	88	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口、襄阳、房县	本文
晚更新世现代人	非洲	-	-	-	-	2	Klasies River Mouth	-
	西亚	-	-	-	-	9	Qafzeh, Skhul	Wolpoff, personal communication
	东亚	1	广西土博咁前洞	8	湖北黄龙洞;湖南道县福岩洞;云南马鹿洞;广西宝积岩、扶绥南山洞、崇左智人洞、土博咁前洞、隆林德峨	13	北京田园洞、湖北黄龙洞;湖南道县福岩洞;贵州老鸭洞;福建清流狐狸洞;云南马鹿洞;广西宝积岩、扶绥南山洞、崇左智人洞、隆林德峨、鸡母岩	[1-3, 9-10]
	欧洲	1	Abri Pataud	7	Abri Pataud, Dolní V?stonice, Le Rois, Saint Germain-La Riviere	16	Abri Pataud, Dolní V?stonice, Isturitz, Le Rois, Mlade?, Pavlov, Predmostí	Wolpoff, personal communication

		M₁		M₂		M₃		数据来源
		例数	地点	例数	地点	例数	地点	数据来源
东亚早/中更新世直立人		19	Sangiran, 淅川, 周口店	12	Sangiran, 和县, 沂源, 周口店	22	Sangiran, 和县, 陈家窝子, 周口店	[7-8]
尼安德特人		8	Hortus, Krapina, St. Césaire, Vindija	14	Arcy GrotteRenne, Arcy Hyene, Hortus, Krapina, La Quina, Regourdou, St. Césaire, Subalyuk, Vindija	35	Arcy Hyene, Arcy Sur Cure, Ehringsdorf , Genay (Core D'OR) , Hortus, Krapina, La Quina, Ochoz, Petit Puymoyen, Regourdou, Spy, St. Césaire, Shanidar, Subalyuk, Tabun, Vindija	Wolpoff, personal communication
全新世现代人	非洲	20	南非	20	南非	20	南非	-
全新世现代人	东亚	20	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口	20	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口	88	河南淅川;湖北郧县、丹江口、襄阳、房县	本文
晚更新世现代人	非洲	-	-	-	-	2	Klasies River Mouth	-
	西亚	-	-	-	-	9	Qafzeh, Skhul	Wolpoff, personal communication
	东亚	1	广西土博咁前洞	8	湖北黄龙洞;湖南道县福岩洞;云南马鹿洞;广西宝积岩、扶绥南山洞、崇左智人洞、土博咁前洞、隆林德峨	13	北京田园洞、湖北黄龙洞;湖南道县福岩洞;贵州老鸭洞;福建清流狐狸洞;云南马鹿洞;广西宝积岩、扶绥南山洞、崇左智人洞、隆林德峨、鸡母岩	[1-3, 9-10]
	欧洲	1	Abri Pataud	7	Abri Pataud, Dolní V?stonice, Le Rois, Saint Germain-La Riviere	16	Abri Pataud, Dolní V?stonice, Isturitz, Le Rois, Mlade?, Pavlov, Predmostí	Wolpoff, personal communication

		东亚早/中更新世直立人	尼安德特人	晚更新世现代人		全新世现代人
	级别	东亚	欧洲和西亚^[6]	西亚和欧洲^[6]	东亚	非洲和欧洲^[6]	东亚
下次小尖 Hypoconulid size	0	-	2(12.5%)	6(33.3%)	1(11.1%)	63(50.0%)	5(7.1%)
	1	-	-	1(5.6%)	-	3(2.4%)	1(1.4%)
	2	1(9.1%)	1(6.3%)	2(11.1%)	-	14(11.1%)	4(5.7%)
	3	4(27.3%)	7(43.8%)	6(33.3%)	3(33.3%)	17(13.5%)	14(20.0%)
	4	5(54.5%)	5(31.3%)	2(11.1%)	3(33.3%)	17(13.5%)	24(34.3%)
	5	1(9.1%)	1(6.3%)	1(5.6%)	2(22.2%)	12(9.5%)	22(31.4%)
第6尖 C6 size	0	1(22.2%)	5(33.3%)	12(66.7%)	4(57.1%)	94(77.7%)	40(57.1%)
	1	-	1(6.7%)	-	-	9(7.4%)	2(2.9%)
	2	5(44.4%)	4(26.7%)	4(22.2%)	2(28.6%)	11(9.1%)	9(12.9%)
	3	3(33.3%)	5(33.3%)	2(11.1%)	1(14.3%)	7(5.8%)	19(27.1%)
第7尖 C7 size	0	1(9.1%)	8(53.3%)	13(76.5%)	6(66.7%)	98(79.0%)	63(90.0%)
	1	-	1(6.7%)	1(5.9%)	-	10(8.1%)	2(2.9%)
	2	2(18.2%)	3(20.0%)	3(17.6%)	-	6(4.8%)	1(1.4%)
	3	5(45.5%)	1(6.7%)	-	1(11.1%)	7(5.6%)	2(2.9%)
	4	3(27.3%)	2(13.3%)	-	2(22.2%)	3(2.4%)	2(2.9%)
三角座中央横脊 Middle Trigonid Crest	0	9(75.0%)	1(5.9%)	14(93.3%)	9(90.0%)	107(89.9%)	69(98.6%)
	1	1(8.3%)	4(23.5%)	1(6.7%)	1(10.0%)	12(10.1%)	1(1.4%)
	2	2(16.7%)	12(70.6%)	-	-	-	-
三角座远中横脊 Distal Trigonid Crest	0	6(54.5%)	10(62.5%)	10(62.5%)	8(100.0%)	90(75.0%)	65(95.6%)
	1	2(18.2%)	3(18.8%)	4(25.0%)	-	21(17.5%)	3(4.4%)
	2	3(27.3%)	3(18.8%)	2(12.5%)	-	9(7.5%)	-
齿沟类型 Groove pattern	1	8(66.7%)	9(60.0%)	2(14.3%)	2(20.0%)	21(19.1%)	7(10.0%)
齿沟类型 Groove pattern	2	4(33.3%)	6(40.0%)	12(85.7%)	8(80.0%)	89(80.9%)	63(90.0%)
原附尖 Protostylid	0	1(10.0%)	8(61.5%)	15(88.2%)	2(50.0%)	105(88.2%)	43(65.2%)
	1	1(10.0%)	3(23.1%)	1(5.9%)	-	9(7.6%)	11(16.7%)
	2	-	2(15.4)	1(5.9%)	-	-	-
	3	2(20.0%)	-	-	1(25.0%)	2(1.7%)	8(12.1%)
	4	1(10.0%)	-	-	-	1(0.8%)	2(3.0%)
	5	1(10.0%)	-	-	-	1(0.8%)	1(1.5%)
	6	4(40.0%)	-	-	1(25.0%)	1(0.8%)	-
	7	-	-	-	-	-	1(1.5%)

		东亚早/中更新世直立人	尼安德特人	晚更新世现代人		全新世现代人
	级别	东亚	欧洲和西亚^[6]	西亚和欧洲^[6]	东亚	非洲和欧洲^[6]	东亚
下次小尖 Hypoconulid size	0	-	2(12.5%)	6(33.3%)	1(11.1%)	63(50.0%)	5(7.1%)
	1	-	-	1(5.6%)	-	3(2.4%)	1(1.4%)
	2	1(9.1%)	1(6.3%)	2(11.1%)	-	14(11.1%)	4(5.7%)
	3	4(27.3%)	7(43.8%)	6(33.3%)	3(33.3%)	17(13.5%)	14(20.0%)
	4	5(54.5%)	5(31.3%)	2(11.1%)	3(33.3%)	17(13.5%)	24(34.3%)
	5	1(9.1%)	1(6.3%)	1(5.6%)	2(22.2%)	12(9.5%)	22(31.4%)
第6尖 C6 size	0	1(22.2%)	5(33.3%)	12(66.7%)	4(57.1%)	94(77.7%)	40(57.1%)
	1	-	1(6.7%)	-	-	9(7.4%)	2(2.9%)
	2	5(44.4%)	4(26.7%)	4(22.2%)	2(28.6%)	11(9.1%)	9(12.9%)
	3	3(33.3%)	5(33.3%)	2(11.1%)	1(14.3%)	7(5.8%)	19(27.1%)
第7尖 C7 size	0	1(9.1%)	8(53.3%)	13(76.5%)	6(66.7%)	98(79.0%)	63(90.0%)
	1	-	1(6.7%)	1(5.9%)	-	10(8.1%)	2(2.9%)
	2	2(18.2%)	3(20.0%)	3(17.6%)	-	6(4.8%)	1(1.4%)
	3	5(45.5%)	1(6.7%)	-	1(11.1%)	7(5.6%)	2(2.9%)
	4	3(27.3%)	2(13.3%)	-	2(22.2%)	3(2.4%)	2(2.9%)
三角座中央横脊 Middle Trigonid Crest	0	9(75.0%)	1(5.9%)	14(93.3%)	9(90.0%)	107(89.9%)	69(98.6%)
	1	1(8.3%)	4(23.5%)	1(6.7%)	1(10.0%)	12(10.1%)	1(1.4%)
	2	2(16.7%)	12(70.6%)	-	-	-	-
三角座远中横脊 Distal Trigonid Crest	0	6(54.5%)	10(62.5%)	10(62.5%)	8(100.0%)	90(75.0%)	65(95.6%)
	1	2(18.2%)	3(18.8%)	4(25.0%)	-	21(17.5%)	3(4.4%)
	2	3(27.3%)	3(18.8%)	2(12.5%)	-	9(7.5%)	-
齿沟类型 Groove pattern	1	8(66.7%)	9(60.0%)	2(14.3%)	2(20.0%)	21(19.1%)	7(10.0%)
齿沟类型 Groove pattern	2	4(33.3%)	6(40.0%)	12(85.7%)	8(80.0%)	89(80.9%)	63(90.0%)
原附尖 Protostylid	0	1(10.0%)	8(61.5%)	15(88.2%)	2(50.0%)	105(88.2%)	43(65.2%)
	1	1(10.0%)	3(23.1%)	1(5.9%)	-	9(7.6%)	11(16.7%)
	2	-	2(15.4)	1(5.9%)	-	-	-
	3	2(20.0%)	-	-	1(25.0%)	2(1.7%)	8(12.1%)
	4	1(10.0%)	-	-	-	1(0.8%)	2(3.0%)
	5	1(10.0%)	-	-	-	1(0.8%)	1(1.5%)
	6	4(40.0%)	-	-	1(25.0%)	1(0.8%)	-
	7	-	-	-	-	-	1(1.5%)

	尼安德特人¹	现代人¹	现代人²
三角座近中横脊	30.0% (3/10)	25.0% (1/4)	3.9%(2/51)
三角座中央横脊	60.0% (6/10)	25.0% (1/4)	0.0%(0/51)
三角座远中横脊	30.0% (3/10)	0.0%	3.9%(2/51)

山东新泰乌珠台人类牙齿的形态学特征

Morphological studies on Wuzhutai tooth, Xintai of Shandong Province

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	乌珠台		老鸭洞LYC1		尼安德特人		化石现代人	全新世现代人
	校正前	校正后	校正前	校正后	尼安德特人		化石现代人	全新世现代人
数据来源	本文	本文	Xing et al. 2017^[19]	Xing et al. 2017^[19]	Smith et al. 2012^[22]	Olejniczak et al. 2008^[21]	Smith et al. 2012^[22]	Smith et al. 2012^[22]
例数	1	1	1	1	6	8
AET (mm)	1.08	1.19	1.06	1.18	1.01 (0.91-1.16)	0.99	1.28 (1.15-1.41)	1.25 (0.98-1.74)
RET	20.22	22.28	19.74	21.97	16.8 (14.3-18.3)	16.55	20.5 (19.2-21.9)	21.7 (17.2-31.8)

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	乌珠台（未校正）	老鸭洞LYC1（未校正）	尼安德特人		全新世现代人
数据来源	本文	本文	Pan et al. 2016^[23]	Olejniczak et al. 2008^[21]	Pan et al. 2016^[23]	Smith et al. 2012^[22]
例数	1	1	5	6	4	9
AET 3D(mm)	1.28	1.40	1.38 (1.24-1.54)	1.06	1.38 (1.20-1.47)	1.45
RET3D	21.33	24.65	21.24 (19.11-23.73)	15.43	22.06 (20.52-23.74)	23.79

	乌珠台（未校正）	老鸭洞LYC1（未校正）	尼安德特人		全新世现代人
数据来源	本文	本文	Pan et al. 2016^[23]	Olejniczak et al. 2008^[21]	Pan et al. 2016^[23]	Smith et al. 2012^[22]
例数	1	1	5	6	4	9
AET 3D(mm)	1.28	1.40	1.38 (1.24-1.54)	1.06	1.38 (1.20-1.47)	1.45
RET3D	21.33	24.65	21.24 (19.11-23.73)	15.43	22.06 (20.52-23.74)	23.79