重构司马光家族基因家谱

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0081

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

司马光家族延续了上千年,家谱记载较为完整,为谱牒学、历史学、遗传学等人文和自然学科的跨学科研究提供了较好的材料。本研究对11个声称为司马光后代的家族进行了Y-STR分型,结果表明有5个家族的STR单倍型彼此之间十分接近,同属下游单倍群O1a1a1a1a1a-F492+,F656-。因此,我们推断司马光家族的父系遗传类型极有可能属于此单倍群。同时,我们使用BATWING法逐层计算所有支系的最近共祖时间,其结果与根据谱牒资料构建的家族谱系图非常吻合。本项研究为从遗传学角度研究现代家族的父系谱系和重构家族谱牒材料提供了参考,并将有助于进一步研究汉代史学家司马迁家族以及西晋司马王室的源流。

关键词: 司马光, 基因家谱, Y染色体, 父系遗传谱系, SNaPshot

Abstract:

Genetic family trees, especially those of celebrities, have become the research focuses of genetic genealogy in recent years. Among them, the history of Sima Guang’s family tree has lasted for a thousand years with full records, which provides a good case for cross-disciplinary studies. In this study, eleven clans claiming to be descendants of Sima Guang were genotyped for 17 Y chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs). The results indicated that five clans of them showed very close (the maximum number of mutation steps was four) relationships on their STR hyplotypes. Further tests of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) showed that they all belonged to a downstream haplogroup O1a1a1a1a1a-F492+,F656-. So, we can infer Sima Guang’s paternal lineage was most likely to be that haplogroup. Furthermore, a genealogical tree based on stemmata from these clans was constructed. Then, in order to verify the authenticity of the tree, we calculated the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of these clans hierarchically using BATWING method. And we found the time nodes recorded in the tree were in accordance with the TMRCA. This study offered a successful case of using paternal lineage to collate and reconstruct family pedigree. In addition, this investigation will facilitate studies on Sima Qian and the imperial house of the Western Jin Dynasty

Key words: Sima Guang, Genetic genealogy, Y chromosome, Paternal genetic lineage, SnaPshot

中图分类号:

Q987

杜盼新, 文少卿, 王凌翔, 韦兰海, 蒙海亮, 熊建雪, 包若瑜, 韩昇, 李辉. 重构司马光家族基因家谱[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(02): 304-316.

DU Panxin, WEN Shaoqing, WANG Lingxiang, WEI Lanhai, MENG Hailiang, XIONG Jianxue, BAO Ruoyu, HAN Sheng, LI Hui. Reconstructing the genetic stemma of Sima Guang family[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(02): 304-316.

图/表 8

图1 样本采集地图注:图中家族迁徙方向及时间主要参考《梁溪司马氏宗谱》和夏县手抄本家谱

Fig.1 Geographic location of the sampling sites in this study

表1 位点 F492 和F656的基本信息

Tab.1 The information of SNP markers for F492 and F656

SNP	物理位置(hg 19)	突变	PCR引物	延伸引物
F492	18615814	G->C	FOR TCTCCCAAGTTTGCTATCCCA	AAGAAAATGACCTTTGTT
F492	18615814	G->C	REV CACGGAATTTCAGCTTCTGATC	AAGAAAATGACCTTTGTT
F656	23757974	C->T	FOR GGGCAGGATGAACGGAGGCA	TTTTGTCTGTGGAAGATGGCC (反向)
F656	23757974	C->T	REV GGAGGACGCGGGAAACTGCT	TTTTGTCTGTGGAAGATGGCC (反向)

表2 17Y-STR和SNP类型的分型结果

Tab.2 The genotyping results of 17Y-STR and SNP

家族		样本编号	G_DYS19	B_DYS389I	B_DYS389II	B_DYS390	Y_DYS391	Y_DYS392	Y_DYS393	R_DYS437	R_DYS438	Y_DYS439	R_DYS448	B_DYS456	G_DYS458	Y_DYS635	R_Y_GATA_H4	G_DYS385a	G_DYS385b	SNP单倍群
洛阳1	SMG	SMG01-3	15	14	16	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	18	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
		SMG04-8	15	14	17	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	18	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
		SMG09-11	15	14	17	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	19	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
洛阳2	WGD	WGD01-2	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	19	C2-M217
		WGD03-7	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
		WGD08-9	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	13	20	C2-M217
		WGD10	17	13	16	24	10	11	14	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
		WGD11	17	13	16	24	10	10	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
无锡1	WXA	WX03	17	12	17	24	10	13	12	15	10	12	21	15	17	21	12	14	18	O2a2*-P201
	WXB	WX04	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	19	20	11	19	19	O2a2b1a1-M117
		WX05-7	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	18	20	11	19	19	O2a2b1a1-M117
		WX08	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	18	20	11	19	20	O2a2b1a1-M117
绍兴	SX	SX	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	13	14	O1a1a-P203
夏县	XX	XX01-5	15	12	17	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	14	14	O1a1a-P203
夏县	XX	XX06	15	12	17	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	13	14	O1a1a-P203
无锡2	WXC	WX01	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	17	16	19	12	10	13	O1a1a-P203
无锡3		WX02	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	16	16	19	12	10	13	O1a1a-P203
无锡4		WX11,13	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	17	15	19	11	10	13	O1a1a-P203
	WXE	WX10	16	12	16	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	16	15	19	11	13	13	O1a1a1a-F140+, F492-
	WXF	WX12	15	12	16	23	10	12	13	14	10	12	19	16	17	19	13	12	18	O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
	WXG	WX14	14	14	17	23	10	14	13	14	11	11	19	16	17	21	13	10	13	N-M231
	WXH	WX15	15	13	16	25	11	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	18	22	10	13	18	O1b1a1a-M95
无锡5	WXD	WX09	15	14	17	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	16	18	21	11	13	17	O2a2b1a1-M117
无锡6	WXI	WX16-17	14	12	16	23	10	12	12	15	10	13	19	15	17	19	12	12	16	O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
无锡7	WXJ	WX18-21	15	12	17	25	9	13	12	15	10	11	21	15	18	22	12	10	22	O2a2b-P164+, M134-

表2 17Y-STR和SNP类型的分型结果

Tab.2 The genotyping results of 17Y-STR and SNP

家族		样本编号	G_DYS19	B_DYS389I	B_DYS389II	B_DYS390	Y_DYS391	Y_DYS392	Y_DYS393	R_DYS437	R_DYS438	Y_DYS439	R_DYS448	B_DYS456	G_DYS458	Y_DYS635	R_Y_GATA_H4	G_DYS385a	G_DYS385b	SNP单倍群
洛阳1	SMG	SMG01-3	15	14	16	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	18	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
		SMG04-8	15	14	17	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	18	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
		SMG09-11	15	14	17	24	9	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	14	21	13	13	19	O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
洛阳2	WGD	WGD01-2	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	19	C2-M217
		WGD03-7	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
		WGD08-9	17	13	16	24	10	11	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	13	20	C2-M217
		WGD10	17	13	16	24	10	11	14	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
		WGD11	17	13	16	24	10	10	13	14	10	9	20	15	16	20	12	12	20	C2-M217
无锡1	WXA	WX03	17	12	17	24	10	13	12	15	10	12	21	15	17	21	12	14	18	O2a2*-P201
	WXB	WX04	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	19	20	11	19	19	O2a2b1a1-M117
		WX05-7	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	18	20	11	19	19	O2a2b1a1-M117
		WX08	14	12	16	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	15	18	20	11	19	20	O2a2b1a1-M117
绍兴	SX	SX	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	13	14	O1a1a-P203
夏县	XX	XX01-5	15	12	17	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	14	14	O1a1a-P203
夏县	XX	XX06	15	12	17	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	17	15	19	12	13	14	O1a1a-P203
无锡2	WXC	WX01	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	17	16	19	12	10	13	O1a1a-P203
无锡3		WX02	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	16	16	19	12	10	13	O1a1a-P203
无锡4		WX11,13	15	12	17	23	11	14	13	14	10	12	18	17	15	19	11	10	13	O1a1a-P203
	WXE	WX10	16	12	16	23	10	14	13	14	10	11	18	16	15	19	11	13	13	O1a1a1a-F140+, F492-
	WXF	WX12	15	12	16	23	10	12	13	14	10	12	19	16	17	19	13	12	18	O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
	WXG	WX14	14	14	17	23	10	14	13	14	11	11	19	16	17	21	13	10	13	N-M231
	WXH	WX15	15	13	16	25	11	13	14	14	10	11	18	15	18	22	10	13	18	O1b1a1a-M95
无锡5	WXD	WX09	15	14	17	24	10	14	12	15	11	12	20	16	18	21	11	13	17	O2a2b1a1-M117
无锡6	WXI	WX16-17	14	12	16	23	10	12	12	15	10	13	19	15	17	19	12	12	16	O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
无锡7	WXJ	WX18-21	15	12	17	25	9	13	12	15	10	11	21	15	18	22	12	10	22	O2a2b-P164+, M134-

图2 样本和不同对照组的SNaPshot 分型结果（注:因测试的11个样本具有相同的分型测试结果,故仅将WX01样本的测试结果列出作为代表）

Fig.2 The results from a SNaPshot assay of objective clans and control groups

图3 基于单倍群类型所构建的进化树

Fig.3 Phylogenetic tree of samples in this study

图4 单倍群O1a1a-P203的遗传关系网络图注:图中每一个圆点代表一种STR单倍型,圆点的面积与人数成正比;连线长短与STR步数的差异成正比;不同颜色代表不同群体

Fig.4 The network of haplogroup O1a1a-P203

图5 司马光家族谱系图 1）此处“8▲”表示从司马逊到司马公鞼中间隔有8 代人,谱系图中类似地方也用数字表示间隔代数。2）此处“*”:《宋史》等资料记载司马康为司马光之子,然而其他私家著作（如苏轼《西楼贴·与堂兄三首》和邵雍《闻见录》）提到康是由光兄司马旦之子过继（详参颜中其《司马康为司马光兄亲子》,《古籍整理研究学刊》1988 年第3 期）,《梁溪司马氏宗谱》沿袭《宋史》观点。实际上,由于Y 染色体父系遗传的特点,司马康究竟是司马光或者是司马旦的子嗣不影响本文的结论。3）此处“?1”:根据家谱记载,司马池生卒时间为公元976-1041,与《司马光年谱》记载的公元979-1041 有差别,特此说明。4) 此处“?2”:根据家谱记载,司马康生卒时间为公元1052-1089 年,与《续资治通鉴长编》记载的公元1050-1090 年有差别,特此说明。5）此处“?3”:根据家谱,司马槙为司马康亲子,但《建炎以来系年要录》载司马光孙司马植死后,以“再从孙稹”继嗣,即司马槙可能并非司马植亲子。需要指出的是,《要录》中的“司马稹”与家谱中的“司马槙”应是同一人。6）此处“?4”:家谱记载司马宗召生卒时间为1156-1214,但后文又说“宗召于靖康（1127 年）中以遗荫佐无锡”,并且与其父司马枢的生卒时间（1074-1136）不符。同时,《建炎以来系年要录》记载,绍兴六年（1136 年）“吉州万安县丞司马宗召添差两浙路转运司干办公事”。因此,我们推断宗召生于“绍兴二十六年（公元1156 年）”一句有误。7）此处“?5”和“?6”:绍兴的这一支因没有家谱,已不清楚是司马光的几世孙。

Fig.5 The genealogical tree of Sima Guang family

表3 目标支系共祖时间的估计

Tab.3 The TMRCA of objective clans

Clan	EMR		lmMR		OMRB		OMRS
Clan	TMRCA	95% CI	TMRCA	95% CI	TMRCA	95% CI	TMRCA	95% CI
SX-WXC-XX	4371.3	569.2-31873.6	1160.7	159.5-7616.8	1147.6	157.3-7545.2	911.6	121.9-6086.5
SX-WXC	4405.4	353.1-48602.5	1145.7	87.6-12491.4	1120.5	85.9-12328.3	898.0	66.1-10179.8
SX-XX	1204.4	50.0-16042.0	328.3	12.6-4604.3	312.7	12.1-4392.6	247.3	9.3-3589.0
WXC-XX	4446.4	553.3-32870.1	1213.3	156.0-8263.8	1182.5	152.2-8083.7	948.9	119.2-6623.7
WXC	3833.7	210.6-53229.6	1007.8	48.2-15604.5	978.1	45.8-15397.8	774.5	34.8-12630.9
XX	--	--	--	--	--	---	--	--

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