枕骨三维形态在现生人群间的变异

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0060

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

与面颅、脑颅和颅底不同,枕骨与人群间遗传信息的关系不明确且研究较少。传统形态测量方法对枕骨的研究难以全面反映枕骨的形态信息。为更加精细地探究枕骨形态与人群的关系,本文以亚洲、非洲和欧洲地区的103例现生男性头骨为研究对象,通过三维几何形态测量和多元统计分析的方法对枕骨三维形态和异速生长模式在人群间的差异进行了研究。研究结果表明,枕骨的大小和形状在现生人群中具有显著差异,然而这种差异并不足以区分不同人群。现代人枕骨的三维形态具有较大的变异,主要表现在枕外隆凸点的突出程度、上下相对位置以及枕平面与项平面的比例,其次表现在星点位置在前后、内外以及上下方向上的变化,斜坡的倾角变化等方面。异速生长的分析表明,不同人群中存在不同的异速生长模式,但是非洲和欧洲人群也存在相似的趋势。本研究认为枕骨三维形态在反映人群间遗传关系上作用较小,支持枕骨形态可能更多受到功能和环境等因素的影响。

关键词: 现代人, 人群, 枕骨, 几何形态, 异速生长

Abstract:

Different from facial-, neuro- and basi- cranium, how occipital morphology reflects population relationship was still largely uninvestigated. Besides, due to the complexity of the occipital, it’s hard to use traditional morphometrics to capture its overall morphology. Here we present a study on occipital shape and allometric pattern variation among populations using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics. One hundred and three extant adult male skulls from Asia, Africa and Europe were applied for this study. Significant differences were observed among different populations on occipital size and occipital shape though efficient discriminations were unlikely to be made. On the contrary, great variations have been noticed among the pooled modern populations, mainly on the projection and superior-inferior position of the external occipital protuberance, proportion of nuchal and occipital plane, anterior-posterior position, medial-lateral and superior-inferior position of asterion, and inclination of clivus. Allometric patterns were different among populations. Nonetheless, similar allometric patterns have been observed within African and European. This study failed to find a strong relationship between occipital morphology and population relationships, and further suggests that the occipital morphology is largely influenced by function and environment..

Key words: Modern Human, Population, Occipital, Geometric morphology, Allometry

中图分类号:

Q983

张亚盟. 枕骨三维形态在现生人群间的变异[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(04): 648-658.

ZHANG Yameng. Three dimensional morphological variation of occiput in extant human populations[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2020, 39(04): 648-658.

图/表 6

图1 枕骨上的三维标志点 1. 人字点（lambda）;2. 枕外隆凸上点,枕外隆凸上边缘最低点;3. 枕外隆凸点（inion）;4. 下项线与枕外嵴交点;5. 大孔后缘点（opisthion）;6. 左侧枕髁后缘与枕骨大孔交点;7. 右侧枕髁后缘与枕骨大孔交点;8. 颅底点（basion）;9. 蝶枕点（hormion）;10. 左星点（asterion）;11. 右星点（asterion）

Fig.1 Three-dimensional landmarks on occipital

图2 中心大小和P距离在不同人群的箱线图

Fig.2 Boxplot of centroid size and Procrustes distance in different populations

图3 枕骨平均形状人群差异叠印图

Fig.3 Superimposition of average occipital shape of three populations

图4 PC1和PC2散点图及从最小（青色）到最大值（紫色）枕骨三维形状叠印图

Fig.4 Scatter plot of PC1 and PC2 and their occipital superimposition from minimum (cyan) to maximum (purple) scores

表1 多元协方差分析表

Tab.1 Table of MANCOVA

	Df	SS	MS	Rsq	F	Z	Pr(>F)
人群 Population	2	0.07	0.03	0.10	5.95	5.69	0.00*
中心大小 CS	1	0.02	0.02	0.02	2.77	2.50	0.01*
人群中心大小 PopulationCS	2	0.02	0.01	0.03	1.67	1.72	0.04*
残差 Residuals	97	0.56	0.01	0.84
总计 Total	102	0.67

图5 多元线性回归散点图以及中心大小从最小值（青色）到最大值（紫色）时枕骨形状变化

Fig.5 Scatterplot of multivariate regression and occipital shape changes from minimum centroid size (cyan) to maximum centroid size (purple)

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