晚更新世东北亚现代人迁移与交流范围的初步研究

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0055

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

民族考古学曾运用相似性概念对许多地区狩猎采集者的行为进行了研究,相关的民族考古学资料为研究旧石器时代晚期现代人的迁移性提供了可能。随着东北亚地区出土黑曜岩遗物遗址的增加,相应的黑曜岩产地分析研究也日益增多,目前有关长白山黑曜岩产地研究的资料已显著累积。本文参考了现今狩猎采集者的民族学资料,以产自长白山的黑曜岩遗物及分布于特定区域的有柄尖刃器为研究对象,发现晚更新世时期(MIS 2)东北亚现代人拥有广大的直接或间接活动范围。对现代人迁移性的研究不仅为区域石器制作技术的对比分析提供了便利,也为了解古人类的生存环境及适应策略提供了重要资料。

关键词: 晚更新世, 现代人迁移, 黑曜岩, 石制品, 有柄尖刃器

Abstract:

Due to the development of technology and the increase in the number of specialized researchers, a considerable amount of Late Pleistocene sites have been found in Northeast Asia. Issues concerning modern human fossils, Pleistocene environment, lithic manufacturing techniques and human adaptation have been debated based on these archaeological sites. In particular, the provenance analysis of special raw materials as obsidian enables the researches on the movement and the scope of activities of modern humans during the late Pleistocene who had to continuously be on the move for survival. Most researchers have estimated the mobility of hunter-gatherers based on ethnographic researches. The direct and indirect scope of migration of the modern humans can be assumed through the range of Tanged Points and obsidian artifacts of Mt. Baekdu(Changbai). Unlike other lithic manufacturing techniques, the obsidian artifacts were not passed on to several generations but usually used and discarded by a single generation. Benefited from obsidian’s unique chemical composition, it could been seen as the most reliable evidence to indicate the scope of migration.
Lithic manufacturing techniques such as Levallois, Crest, and Yubetsu were widely disseminated over a long time, which is not appropriate to use these lithic techniques to estimate the scope of movement of modern humans. However, the Tanged Point, which had been popularly utilized in a short chronological period and enjoyed a limited distribution in the Northeast Asian region. Based on the distribution of obsidian artifacts from Mt. Baekdu (Changbai) and the Tanged Points, the scope of activity of the modern humans during the Late Pleistocene (MIS 2) is estimated as 193,000~520,000 km2.

Key words: Late Pleistocene, Movement of modern humans, Obsidian, Artifacts, Tanged Points

中图分类号:

K871.11

崔哲慜, 高星, 夏文婷, 钟巍. 晚更新世东北亚现代人迁移与交流范围的初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(01): 12-27.

CHOI Cheolmin, GAO Xing, XIA Wenting, ZHONG Wei. The scope of movement of modern humans during the Late Pleistocene in Northeast Asia[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 12-27.

图/表 5

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地理位置Location	群体 Population Group	居址迁移次数/年 Residential Movess/yr	平均距离(km) Average Distance	全距离(km) Total Distance	总面积 (km2) Total Area
北亚	Evenki(鄂温克)	-	-	200-400	-
北美北部	Mistassini Cree	10	-	510	3,385
北美北部	Montagnais	50	64	-	2,700
北美北部	Micmac		56		1,000-5,200
北美北部	Waswanipi Cree	-	-	-	4,870
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Tsimashian	3-5	-	290-450	-
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Chilkat Tlingit	>2	-	8-80	2,500
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Nuuchahnulth(Nootka)	>3	10	5-55	370.5
北美西北部	Makah	2	7.3	15	190
北美西北部	Klamath	11	7.5	84	1,058
北美西北部	Crow(apsaalooke)	38	19.2	640	61,880
北美西北部	Haisla	-	-	-	4,000
北美西北部	Blackfoot(siksika)	-	16-24	-	700
北美西北部	Nez perce	-	16-24	-	2,000
北美北部	Baffinland Inuit	60	12	720	25,000
北美北部	Netsilingmiut	14	16.8	237	6,000
阿拉斯加州	Nunamiut	10	69.5	725	4,200-20,500

地理位置Location	群体 Population Group	居址迁移次数/年 Residential Movess/yr	平均距离(km) Average Distance	全距离(km) Total Distance	总面积 (km2) Total Area
北亚	Evenki(鄂温克)	-	-	200-400	-
北美北部	Mistassini Cree	10	-	510	3,385
北美北部	Montagnais	50	64	-	2,700
北美北部	Micmac		56		1,000-5,200
北美北部	Waswanipi Cree	-	-	-	4,870
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Tsimashian	3-5	-	290-450	-
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Chilkat Tlingit	>2	-	8-80	2,500
北美西北部/阿拉斯加州	Nuuchahnulth(Nootka)	>3	10	5-55	370.5
北美西北部	Makah	2	7.3	15	190
北美西北部	Klamath	11	7.5	84	1,058
北美西北部	Crow(apsaalooke)	38	19.2	640	61,880
北美西北部	Haisla	-	-	-	4,000
北美西北部	Blackfoot(siksika)	-	16-24	-	700
北美西北部	Nez perce	-	16-24	-	2,000
北美北部	Baffinland Inuit	60	12	720	25,000
北美北部	Netsilingmiut	14	16.8	237	6,000
阿拉斯加州	Nunamiut	10	69.5	725	4,200-20,500

遗址 Sites	地层 Layer	年代(BP) Age	测年方法 Dating method	样品号 Sample No.	样品类型 Sample type	参考文献 Reference
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16190±50	AMS	GX-29424	sediment	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16600±720	AMS	GX-29423	sediment	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16900±500	AMS	SNU02-324	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	17400±400	AMS	SNU02-326	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	23900±400	AMS	SNU03-841	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	24100±200	AMS	SNU03-839	charcoal	[50]
长兴里(Jangheung-ri)	2	24200±600	AMS	SNU00-380	charcoal	[51]
下花溪里III(Hahwagye-ri III)	2	13390±60	AMS	SNU02-214	charcoal	[52]
石壮里(Seokjang-ri)		20830±1,880	AMS	AERIK-8	charcoal	[53]
中里(Neulgeo-ri)	2	21240±150	AMS	SNU13-373	charcoal	[54]
新北(Sinbuk)		18500±300	AMS	SNU03-912	charcoal	[41]
新北(Sinbuk)		25500±100	AMS	SNU03-914	charcoal	[41]

遗址 Sites	地层 Layer	年代(BP) Age	测年方法 Dating method	样品号 Sample No.	样品类型 Sample type	参考文献 Reference
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16190±50	AMS	GX-29424	sediment	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16600±720	AMS	GX-29423	sediment	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	16900±500	AMS	SNU02-324	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	17400±400	AMS	SNU02-326	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	23900±400	AMS	SNU03-841	charcoal	[50]
好坪洞(Hopyeong-dong)	3a	24100±200	AMS	SNU03-839	charcoal	[50]
长兴里(Jangheung-ri)	2	24200±600	AMS	SNU00-380	charcoal	[51]
下花溪里III(Hahwagye-ri III)	2	13390±60	AMS	SNU02-214	charcoal	[52]
石壮里(Seokjang-ri)		20830±1,880	AMS	AERIK-8	charcoal	[53]
中里(Neulgeo-ri)	2	21240±150	AMS	SNU13-373	charcoal	[54]
新北(Sinbuk)		18500±300	AMS	SNU03-912	charcoal	[41]
新北(Sinbuk)		25500±100	AMS	SNU03-914	charcoal	[41]