沉积物特征与旧石器遗址的形成过程

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0047

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (03): 363-377.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0047

沉积物特征与旧石器遗址的形成过程

李浩¹^,²(), 张玉柱³, 李意愿⁴, 李占扬⁵, 贾雅娜³

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044
3.陕西省地表系统与环境承载力重点实验室,西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127
4.湖南省文物考古研究所,长沙 410008
5.山东大学文化遗产研究院,青岛 266237

收稿日期:2020-11-24 修回日期:2021-03-10 出版日期:2021-06-15 发布日期:2021-06-24
作者简介:李浩（1985-）,男,河南长葛人,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所副研究员,主要从事旧石器考古研究。E-mail： lihao@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA19050102);中国科学院百人计划;西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室开放研究课题(WYSYS201909)

Sediment characteristics and the formation processes of Paleolithic sites

LI Hao¹^,²(), ZHANG Yuzhu³, LI Yiyuan⁴, LI Zhanyang⁵, JIA Yana³

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044
3. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127
4. Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Changsha, 410008
5. Shandong University, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Qingdao 266237

Received:2020-11-24 Revised:2021-03-10 Online:2021-06-15 Published:2021-06-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

考古遗址在自然因素下所经历的沉积、改造和再堆积过程,对于理解遗址完整历史至关重要,但迄今相关研究在中国旧石器遗址中开展得较为有限。本文在介绍遗址堆积与改造过程相关背景知识的基础上,对自然因素研究中涉及到的最为关键和核心的对象之一——沉积物及其常用分析指标（粒度、磁化率、地球化学元素、矿物组成和土壤微形态）进行阐述,并以许昌人遗址和伞顶盖遗址为例说明相关指标的应用情况。沉积物分析指标侧重从微观角度揭示旧石器遗址的堆积与改造过程,因此,我们还需结合宏观尺度下的遗址沉积地层、地貌发育和环境演变等特征,以及考古标本本身的一系列信息对遗址在自然因素影响下的形成过程进行综合分析和判断。

关键词: 旧石器遗址, 形成过程, 自然因素, 沉积物, 地质考古

Abstract:

Archaeological site formation is influenced by a range of geogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic processes. Geogenic processes play a fundamental role in influencing deposition, transformation, and post-deposition. Since natural factors have the potential to disrupt original archaeological contexts to varying degrees, it is crucial that researchers evaluate the influence of these processes prior to interpreting cultural materials. However, up until now, few studies in China have focused specifically on the influence of these natural factors in Paleolithic site formation. In this paper, we begin by providing a review of relevant site formation studies, followed by the identification of one key research subject—archaeological sediments, with properties relating to grain size, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical elements, mineral components and micromorphology. In addition, we also present two Paleolithic site case studies in which sedimentary indices have been employed to explore formation processes (i.e., at the Xuchang hominid site in Henan Province and at the Sandinggai site in Hunan Province). Finally, although the physical and chemical nature of sediments is valuable, we illustrate that landscape-scale geomorphological evolution coupled with excavated archaeological specimens should also be considered when reconstructing Paleolithic site formation. By doing so, and by using a combination of different analytical approaches and building systematic survey and sample-collecting protocols, we show the value of this approach in the study of the Chinese Paleolithic as we develop this multi-disciplinary approach in the region.

Key words: Paleolithic site, Formation processes, Natural factors, Sediments, Geoarchaeology

中图分类号:

K878
P534.63

李浩, 张玉柱, 李意愿, 李占扬, 贾雅娜. 沉积物特征与旧石器遗址的形成过程[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 363-377.

LI Hao, ZHANG Yuzhu, LI Yiyuan, LI Zhanyang, JIA Yana. Sediment characteristics and the formation processes of Paleolithic sites[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 363-377.

图/表 6

图1 许昌人遗址（a, b, c）和伞顶盖遗址（d, e, f）地层划分及部分层位标本出土场景

Fig.1 Stratigraphic divisions and excavation plans of the Xuchang hominid site in Henan Province (a, b, c) and the Sandinggai site in Hunan Province (d, e, f)

表1 许昌人遗址与伞顶盖遗址沉积物粒度和磁化率

Tab.1 Grain size and magnetic susceptibility of sediments collected from the Xuchang hominid site and the Sandinggai site respectively

遗址/ Site	地层编号/ Layer number	深度/ Depth (cm)	平均粒径/ Mean grain size (μm)	黏土/ Clay (%)	细粉砂/ Fine silt (%)	粗粉砂/ Coarse silt (%)	砂/ Sand (%)	磁化率/ Magnetic susceptibility (10^-8 m³/kg)
许昌人遗址	第1层	0-25	34.44	15.25%	23.97%	43.72%	17.06%	10.51
	第2层	25-55	34.51	15.97%	24.20%	42.40%	17.43%	22.03
	第3层	55-105	33.35	14.29%	25.61%	44.33%	15.78%	7.92
伞顶盖遗址	第2层	30-70	13.31	47.61%	48.37%	3.71%	0.31%	189.36
伞顶盖遗址	第3层	70-110	16.56	38.97%	49.35%	11.39%	0.28%	32.61
	第4层	110-230	12.21	48.99%	44.10%	6.82%	0.09%	56.94

表2 许昌人遗址沉积物矿物成分百分比（%）

Tab.2 Mineral components (%) of sediments collected from the Xuchang hominid site

地层编号/ Layer number	深度/ Depth	伊利石/ Illite	石英/ Quartz	白云母/ Muscovite	黑云母/ Biotite	辉石/ Augite	钙长石/ Anorthite	钠长石/ Albite	正长石/ Orthoclase
第1层	0-25 cm	30.5%	22.3%	20.0%	6.1%	3.4%	8.0%	6.7%	2.7%
第2层	25-55 cm	32.6%	23.0%	16.6%	5.4%	3.8%	7.0%	6.8%	2.9%
第3层	55-105 cm	28.1%	20.9%	17.6%	4.9%	2.9%	6.4%	6.4%	2.5%

表3 许昌人遗址和伞顶盖遗址常量地球化学元素百分比（%）

Tab.3 Geochemical element compositions (%) of sediments collected from the Xuchang hominid site and the Sandinggai site respectively

遗址/ Site	地层编号/ Layer number	深度/ Depth (cm)	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	K₂O	Na₂O	CaO	MgO	MnO	TiO₂
许昌人遗址	第1层	0-25	72.84%	11.37%	3.23%	2.49%	1.58%	1.15%	1.19%	0.07%	0.63%
	第2层	25-55	72.97%	11.63%	3.36%	2.56%	1.55%	0.97%	1.11%	0.05%	0.65%
	第3层	55-105	73.35%	11.26%	3.06%	2.57%	1.64%	1.01%	1.18%	0.05%	0.63%
伞顶盖遗址	第2层	30-70	52.81%	22.18%	8.30%	1.76%	0.12%	0.29%	0.79%	0.01%	0.01%
	第3层	70-110	52.00%	24.01%	7.99%	1.90%	0.11%	0.09%	0.61%	0.01%	0.01%
	第4层	110-230	52.53%	23.04%	8.16%	1.71%	0.11%	0.16%	0.66%	0.01%	0.01%

图2 许昌人遗址与伞顶盖遗址不同层位化学蚀变指数（Ica）分布图

Fig.2 Distribution map of Chemical Index of Alteration (Ica) values at the different layers of the Xuchang hominid site and the Sandinggai site

图3 伞顶盖遗址不同地层单元的沉积物微形态照片注：a（正交偏光）和b（同一区域单偏光）指示第2层黄红色土层,采样深度47-52 cm;c（正交偏光）和d（同一区域单偏光）指示第3层均质红土层,采样深度87-92 cm;e（单偏光）和f（单偏光）指示第4层网纹红土层,采样深度110-115 cm。a (cross-polarized light, XPL) and b (plane-polarized light, PPL) indicate the yellow-red clay of Layer two, sampling depth 47-52 cm; c (XPL) and d (PPL) indicate the homogeneous red soil of Layer three, sampling depth 87-92 cm; while e (XPL) and f (PPL) indicate the vermiculated red soil of Layer four, sampling depth 110-115 cm

Fig.3 Micromorphological photos of the different stratigraphic units at the Sandinggai site

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沉积物特征与旧石器遗址的形成过程

Sediment characteristics and the formation processes of Paleolithic sites

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