泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0026

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (03): 469-489.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0026cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0026

泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义

同号文¹^,²^,³(), 张贝¹^,²^,³, 陈曦⁴, 王晓敏⁵, 孙吉嘉¹^,²^,³

1.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心北京100044
3.中国科学院大学北京100049
4.南京师范大学南京 210023
5.中国社会科学院考古研究所北京 100710

收稿日期:2020-10-27 修回日期:2020-12-22 出版日期:2021-06-15 发布日期:2021-06-24
作者简介:同号文,男,研究员,第四纪哺乳动物学专业。E-mail: tonghaowen@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1521500);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类: XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金(41572003)

Chronological significance of the mammalian fauna from the Early Pleistocene Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin, northern China

TONG Haowen¹^,²^,³(), ZHANG Bei¹^,²^,³, CHEN Xi⁴, WANG Xiaomin⁵, SUN Jijia¹^,²^,³

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
4. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023
5. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710

Received:2020-10-27 Revised:2020-12-22 Online:2021-06-15 Published:2021-06-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

狭义（或经典）泥河湾动物群主要产自桑干河北岸的下沙沟村周边,化石来源于不同地点;该动物群被作为我国北方早更新世的代表,但其绝对年代一直饱受争议,最新古地磁测年数据是2.2-1.7 MaBP。由于受河流及断层切割影响,泥河湾盆地内部不同区域尤其是桑干河两岸的地层对比,一直是个科学难题,其根本原因在于长期以来在桑干河南岸未发现重要化石点。最近,在桑干河南岸的岑家湾台地发现了山神庙咀化石点,目前已在此地点做过9次正规发掘,出土哺乳动物化石1526件,鉴定出25个种（含未定种）,其中23种属于狭义泥河湾动物群的成员。由此看出,山神庙咀动物群的时代应当与狭义泥河湾动物群的时代接近,其地质年代应当不晚于1.7 MaBP。山神庙咀遗址与小长梁遗址隔沟相望,但其化石层稍高于小长梁文化层;山神庙咀动物群的研究结果还表明,小长梁遗址年代要比先前所测得的1.36 MaBP要早;小长梁周边的史前遗址的地质年代应当再做深入研究。小长梁地区的泥河湾层底部普遍存在砾石层,但其出现的水平位置以及砾石在分选和磨圆程度等方面都各不相同。调查清楚不同剖面中底砾层的分布状况及其性质,将会对本地区地层对比研究以及推断当时泥河湾盆地的古环境都将具有十分重要意义。

关键词: 泥河湾山神庙咀, 发掘小结, 哺乳动物化石, 早更新世

Abstract:

The fossils of the Nihewan (Nihowan) Fauna (senso stricto) or the Classic Nihewan Fauna derived from diversified sites around the Xiashagou Village located at the northern bank of the Sangganhe (Sangkanho) River. The Nihewan Fauna has been regarded as the type fauna of the Early Pleistocene epoch in northern China, whereas its approximate numerical age has been unresolved for quite a long time; the updated paleomagnetic age is 2.2-1.7 MaBP. Because of the cuts by river and tectonic faults, the stratigraphical correlations among different areas inside the Nihewan Basin remained difficult in the past, which can be definitely attributed to the insufficient fossil discoveries on the southern bank of the river. It’s lucky enough that during the past decade, a new site named Shanshenmiaozui (SSMZ) was recovered and excavated at the edge of the Cenjiawan Platform at the southern bank of the Sangganhe River; totally 9 excavations were conducted at the site, which resulted in the finding of 1526 pieces of mammalian fossils belonging to 25 species (including undetermined species) and 23 of which are the common members of the Nihewan Fauna. Therefore, the Shanshenmiaozui Fauna should share the same age with the Nihewan Fauna, i.e. earlier than 1.7 MaBP. The fossiliferous layer of SSMZ site is slightly higher than the cultural layer at the neighboring Xiaochangliang (XCL) Site, and the result of stratigraphical correlation shows that the Xiaochangliang Site should be older than 1.36 MaBP as currently thought; furthermore, the ages of other sites in the adjacent area also should be reconsidered. In the area around Xiaochangliang site, basal gravels are frequently appearing, but their vertical positions in the strata and the degrees of sorting and rounding are variable; the present authors think the basal gravels are important evidences for site correlations and crucial for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Key words: Shanshenmiaozui at Nihewan, conclusion of excavations, mammalian fossils, Early Pleistocene

中图分类号:

Q915.86

同号文, 张贝, 陈曦, 王晓敏, 孙吉嘉. 泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 469-489.

TONG Haowen, ZHANG Bei, CHEN Xi, WANG Xiaomin, SUN Jijia. Chronological significance of the mammalian fauna from the Early Pleistocene Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin, northern China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 469-489.

图/表 10

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狭义泥河湾动物群分类沿革Classic Nihewan Fauna				山神庙咀动物群 SSMZ Fauna	德马尼西动物群 Dmanisi Fauna
Teilhard de Chardin^[39]	Barbour et al.^[38]	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau^[1]	本文¹⁾This paper	本文This paper	Hemmer, et al.^[54]
	Erinaceus sp.	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	-	Beremendia fissidens
	Siphneus sp.	Siphneus tingi	Yangia tingi	-	-
	Arvicola sp.	Arvicolidae gen indet.	Borsodia chinensis	-	Mimomys tornensis
		Alactaga cf. annulata	Allactaga sibirica	Allactaga sibirica
			Hystrix sp.	-	Hystrix sp.
	Lagomys plicidens	Ochotona complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	-
				Ochotona youngi	Ochotona ex gr. Ochotona lagreli minor
Canis megamastoides	Vulpes schlosseri	Canis (Nyctereutes) sinensis	Nyctereutes sinensis	Nyctereutes sp.	-
	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes chikushanensis	-	Vulpes alopecoides
Canis cf. lupus	Canis sp.	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis etruscus
		Canis chihliensis var. palmidens	Canis palmidens	-	-
		Canis chihliensis var. minor	Eucyon minor	-	-
	Ursus sp.	Ursus cf. etruscus	Ursus etruscus orientalis	-	Ursus etruscus
	Lutra sp.	Lutra licenti	Lutra licenti	-	-
		Mustela pachygnatha	Eirictis pachygnatha	-	-
Meles taxus	Meles taxus	Meles cf. leucurus	Meles chiai	-	Meles sp.
Machairodus sp.	Machairodus sp.	Machairodus nihowanensis	Megantereon nihowanensis	?Megantereon nihowanensis	Megantereon cultridens
			Homotherium crenatidens	-	Homotherium crenatidens
	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx pardinensis
	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	-	-
		Felis (Lynx) sp.	Lynx shansius	Lynx sp.	Lynx issiodorensis
				?Panthera sp.	Panthera onca georgica
		Hyaena sp.	Chasmaporthetes progressus	-	-
Hyaena ultima	Hyaena ultima	Hyaena sinensis	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta perrieri Pachycrocuta sp.
			Crocuta honanensis	-	-
	Elephas cf. trogontherii	Elephas namadicus	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus meridionalis
	Chalicotherid gen. indet.	Chalicotheridae gen. indet.	Postschizotherium chardini	-	-
	Hipparion sp.	Hipparion sinense	Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense	Hipparion sp.
Equus sp.	Equus sp.	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus stenonis
			Equus teilhardi	-	-
	Rhinoceros sp.	Rhinoceros cf. sinensis	Stephanorhinus yunchuchenensis	-	Stephanorhinus etruscus
	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Coelodonta nihowansis	Coelodonta nihowansis	-
	Rhinocerid gen. indet.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium peii	-
		Circotherium sp.	Hesperotherium sp.	-	-
	Sus sp.	Sus cf. lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	-
	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Paracamelus gigas	Paracamelus gigas	-
Cervus sp.	Cervulus cf. munjack	Cervulus cf. sinensis	Muntiacus bohlini	-	-
	Cervus cf. rusa	Cervus (Rusa) elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Dama (=Pseudodama =Cervus s.l.) cf. nestii
	Cervus cf. tetraceros	Cervus (Eucladoceros) boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros aff. tegulensis
Cervus sp.	Cervus sp.	Cervus (Elaphurus) bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	-
	Antilope gen. indet.	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Pontoceros sp.
			Spirocerus cf. peii	-
			?Antilospira robusta	-
Gazella sp.	Gazella sp.	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	-
		Gazella cf. subgutturosa	Gazella subgutturosa	-	-
		Antilope gen. indet.	Hydropotes sp.	-	-
	Ovis sp.	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis
		Ovis or Capra indet.	Ovis or Capra indet.	-	Capra dalii
	Euceratherium (?)	Ovibovine gen. indet.	Megalovis piveteaui	Megalovis piveteaui	Soergelia cf. minor
	Leptobos sp.	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison (Eobison) georgicus

狭义泥河湾动物群分类沿革Classic Nihewan Fauna				山神庙咀动物群 SSMZ Fauna	德马尼西动物群 Dmanisi Fauna
Teilhard de Chardin^[39]	Barbour et al.^[38]	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau^[1]	本文¹⁾This paper	本文This paper	Hemmer, et al.^[54]
	Erinaceus sp.	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	-	Beremendia fissidens
	Siphneus sp.	Siphneus tingi	Yangia tingi	-	-
	Arvicola sp.	Arvicolidae gen indet.	Borsodia chinensis	-	Mimomys tornensis
		Alactaga cf. annulata	Allactaga sibirica	Allactaga sibirica
			Hystrix sp.	-	Hystrix sp.
	Lagomys plicidens	Ochotona complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	-
				Ochotona youngi	Ochotona ex gr. Ochotona lagreli minor
Canis megamastoides	Vulpes schlosseri	Canis (Nyctereutes) sinensis	Nyctereutes sinensis	Nyctereutes sp.	-
	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes chikushanensis	-	Vulpes alopecoides
Canis cf. lupus	Canis sp.	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis etruscus
		Canis chihliensis var. palmidens	Canis palmidens	-	-
		Canis chihliensis var. minor	Eucyon minor	-	-
	Ursus sp.	Ursus cf. etruscus	Ursus etruscus orientalis	-	Ursus etruscus
	Lutra sp.	Lutra licenti	Lutra licenti	-	-
		Mustela pachygnatha	Eirictis pachygnatha	-	-
Meles taxus	Meles taxus	Meles cf. leucurus	Meles chiai	-	Meles sp.
Machairodus sp.	Machairodus sp.	Machairodus nihowanensis	Megantereon nihowanensis	?Megantereon nihowanensis	Megantereon cultridens
			Homotherium crenatidens	-	Homotherium crenatidens
	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx pardinensis
	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	-	-
		Felis (Lynx) sp.	Lynx shansius	Lynx sp.	Lynx issiodorensis
				?Panthera sp.	Panthera onca georgica
		Hyaena sp.	Chasmaporthetes progressus	-	-
Hyaena ultima	Hyaena ultima	Hyaena sinensis	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta perrieri Pachycrocuta sp.
			Crocuta honanensis	-	-
	Elephas cf. trogontherii	Elephas namadicus	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus meridionalis
	Chalicotherid gen. indet.	Chalicotheridae gen. indet.	Postschizotherium chardini	-	-
	Hipparion sp.	Hipparion sinense	Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense	Hipparion sp.
Equus sp.	Equus sp.	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus stenonis
			Equus teilhardi	-	-
	Rhinoceros sp.	Rhinoceros cf. sinensis	Stephanorhinus yunchuchenensis	-	Stephanorhinus etruscus
	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Coelodonta nihowansis	Coelodonta nihowansis	-
	Rhinocerid gen. indet.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium peii	-
		Circotherium sp.	Hesperotherium sp.	-	-
	Sus sp.	Sus cf. lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	-
	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Paracamelus gigas	Paracamelus gigas	-
Cervus sp.	Cervulus cf. munjack	Cervulus cf. sinensis	Muntiacus bohlini	-	-
	Cervus cf. rusa	Cervus (Rusa) elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Dama (=Pseudodama =Cervus s.l.) cf. nestii
	Cervus cf. tetraceros	Cervus (Eucladoceros) boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros aff. tegulensis
Cervus sp.	Cervus sp.	Cervus (Elaphurus) bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	-
	Antilope gen. indet.	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Pontoceros sp.
			Spirocerus cf. peii	-
			?Antilospira robusta	-
Gazella sp.	Gazella sp.	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	-
		Gazella cf. subgutturosa	Gazella subgutturosa	-	-
		Antilope gen. indet.	Hydropotes sp.	-	-
	Ovis sp.	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis
		Ovis or Capra indet.	Ovis or Capra indet.	-	Capra dalii
	Euceratherium (?)	Ovibovine gen. indet.	Megalovis piveteaui	Megalovis piveteaui	Soergelia cf. minor
	Leptobos sp.	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison (Eobison) georgicus

泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义

Chronological significance of the mammalian fauna from the Early Pleistocene Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin, northern China

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