人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (03): 503-512.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0030
收稿日期:
2020-11-25
修回日期:
2021-01-07
出版日期:
2021-06-15
发布日期:
2021-06-24
通讯作者:
张乐
作者简介:
戴静雯(1997-),女,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所硕士研究生,主要从事埋藏学与旧石器时代动物考古学研究。Email: 基金资助:
DAI Jingwen1,2,3(), ZHANG Shuangquan1,2,3, ZHANG Yue1,2()
Received:
2020-11-25
Revised:
2021-01-07
Online:
2021-06-15
Published:
2021-06-24
Contact:
ZHANG Yue
摘要:
动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用是史前人类生存活动的重要组成部分。西方学者的研究表明,这一过程可能包含了敲骨取髓和骨脂提取两种不同的人类行为。相较于敲骨取髓,骨脂提取更为复杂,不仅要将骨骼砸碎成较小尺寸,还要加水煮沸骨骼碎片,过程中不断添冷水使水保持温和沸腾的状态,才能获得浮于水面的骨脂。目前,国内学者在此领域的研究多关注于前一行为而对后者鲜有论述。本文通过对相关科学文献的全面梳理,系统介绍了史前人类骨脂提取行为的鉴定分析手段和方法,进而探讨了这一行为在古人类资源利用程度、流动性、用火方式和烹饪技术等方面的指示意义与价值。
中图分类号:
戴静雯, 张双权, 张乐. 史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 503-512.
DAI Jingwen, ZHANG Shuangquan, ZHANG Yue. Exploitation of animal bone fat by prehistoric human[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 503-512.
[1] | Binford LR. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1978 |
[2] |
Vehik SC. Bone fragments and bone grease manufacturing: a review of theirarchaeological use and potential[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1977,22(77):169-182
doi: 10.1080/2052546.1977.11908805 URL |
[3] |
De Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, et al. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids[J]. Science, 1999,284(5414):625-629
doi: 10.1126/science.284.5414.625 URL |
[4] |
O’Connell JF, Hawkes K, Jones NB. Hadza Hunting, Butchering, and Bone Transport and Their Archaeological Implications[J]. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1988,44(2):113-155
doi: 10.1086/jar.44.2.3630053 URL |
[5] |
O’Connell JF, Hawkes K, Blurton Jones N. Reanalysis of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1990,17(3):301-316
doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(90)90025-Z URL |
[6] |
Yellen JE. Small mammals: !Kung San utilization and the production of faunal assemblages[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1991,10(1):1-26
doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(91)90019-T URL |
[7] |
Yellen JE. Small mammals: Post-discard patterning of !Kung San faunal remains[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1991,10(2):152-192
doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(91)90018-S URL |
[8] | Yellen JE. Cultural patterning in faunal remains: evidence from the !Kung bushmen[A]. In: Yellen J E, Ingersoll D, Macdonald W. In Experimental archaeology[M]. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977: 271-331 |
[9] |
Leechman D. Bone grease[J]. American Antiquity, 1951,16(4):355-356
doi: 10.2307/276988 URL |
[10] |
Munro ND, Bar-Oz G. Gazelle bone fat processing in the Levantine Epipalaeolithic[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2005,32(2):223-239
doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.007 URL |
[11] | Peale TR. On the Uses of the Brain and Marrow of Animals Among the Indians of North America[M]. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1871 |
[12] |
Morin E, Soulier MC. New Criteria for the Archaeological Identification of Bone Grease Processing[J]. American Antiquity, 2017,82(1):96-122
doi: 10.1017/aaq.2016.16 URL |
[13] |
Bunn HT. Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge[J]. Nature, 1981,291(5816):574-577
doi: 10.1038/291574a0 URL |
[14] |
Blumenschine RJ. Percussion Marks, Tooth Marks, and Experimental Determinations of the Timing of Hominid and Carnivore Access to Long Bones at Flk Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1995,29(1):21-51
doi: 10.1006/jhev.1995.1046 URL |
[15] |
Blumenschine RJ, Marean CW, Capaldo SD. Blind Tests of Inter-analyst Correspondence and Accuracy in the Identification of Cut Marks, Percussion Marks, and Carnivore Tooth Marks on Bone Surfaces[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1996,23(4):493-507
doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0047 URL |
[16] |
Capaldo SD, Blumenschine RJ. A Quantitative Diagnosis of Notches Made by Hammerstone Percussion and Carnivore Gnawing on Bovid Long Bones[J]. American Antiquity, 1994,59(4):724-748
doi: 10.2307/282345 URL |
[17] | 张乐. 旧石器时代古人类敲骨取髓行为的确认——以马鞍山遗址为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014,34(1):141-148 |
[18] | 王晓敏. 冰消期泥河湾盆地古人类的生存策略:于家沟遗址的动物考古学研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院大学, 2017 |
[19] | McCullough DR, Ullrey DE. Proximate Mineral and Gross Energy Composition of White-Tailed Deer[J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1983,47(2):430-441 |
[20] |
Soppela P, Nieminen M. The effect of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of leg bone marrow fats in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2001,128(1):63-72
doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(00)00297-9 URL |
[21] |
Speth JD, Spielmann KA. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1983,2(1):1-31
doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(83)90006-5 URL |
[22] | Erasmus U. Fats and Oils: The Complete Guide to Fats and Oils in Health and Nutrition[M]. Vancouver: Alive Books, 1986 |
[23] | Mead JF, Alfin-Slater RB, Howton DR, et al. Lipids - Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Nutrition[M]. New York: Plenum Press, 1986 |
[24] | 王瑞元, 李子明. 油脂的营养与强化[J]. 中国油脂, 2007,32(2):7-11 |
[25] | Speth JD. When did humans learn to boil[J]. PaleoAnthropology, 2015, 54-67 |
[26] | Speth JD. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting[M]. 2010 |
[27] |
Morin E. Fat composition and Nunamiut decision-making: a new look at the marrow and bone grease indices[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007,34(1):69-82
doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.015 URL |
[28] |
Meng MS, West GC, Irving L. Fatty acid composition of caribou bone marrow[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1969,30(1):187-191
pmid: 5804481 |
[29] | Sales-Campos H, Reis de Souza P, Crema Peghini B, et al. An Overview of the Modulatory Effects of Oleic Acid in Health and Disease[J]. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013,13(2):201-210 |
[30] |
Blumenschine RJ, Madrigal TC. Variability in Long Bone Marrow Yields of East African Ungulates and its Zooarchaeological Implications[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1993,20(5):555-587
doi: 10.1006/jasc.1993.1034 URL |
[31] |
Lupo KD. Experimentally Derived Extraction Rates for Marrow: Implications for Body Part Exploitation Strategies of Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Scavengers[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1998,25(7):657-675
doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0261 URL |
[32] | Speth JD. Seasonality, resource stress, and food sharing in so-called egalitarian foraging societies[J]. 1990,9(2):144-188 |
[33] | Saint-Germain C. The Production of Bone Broth a Study in Nutritional Exploitation[J]. Anthropozoologica, 1997,25:153-156 |
[34] |
Bar-Oz G, Munro ND. Gazelle bone marrow yields and Epipalaeolithic carcass exploitation strategies in the southern Levant[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007,34(6):946-956
doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.006 URL |
[35] | Douglas BJ. Prehistoric Bone Grease Production in Wisconsin ‘ s Driftless Area A Review of the Evidence and Its Implications[D]. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009 |
[36] |
Church RR, Lyman RL. Small fragments make small differences in efficiency when rendering grease from fractured artiodactyl bones by boiling[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2003,30(8):1077-1084
doi: 10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00010-4 URL |
[37] |
Janzen A, Reid REB, Vasquez A, et al. Smaller fragment size facilitates energy-efficient bone grease production[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,49:518-523
doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.06.004 URL |
[38] |
Morin E. Revisiting Bone Grease Rendering in Highly Fragmented Assemblages[J]. American Antiquity, 2020,85(3):535-553
doi: 10.1017/aaq.2020.29 URL |
[39] |
Pasda K, Odgaard U. Nothing is wasted: The ideal “nothing is wasted” and divergence in past and present among caribou hunters in Greenland[J]. Quaternary International, 2011,238(1-2):35-43
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.036 URL |
[40] | Costamagno S. Bone Grease Rendering in Mousterian Contexts: The Case of Noisetier Cave (Fréchet-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées, France)[M]. Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. 2013: 209-225 |
[41] |
Castel JC, Discamps E, Soulier M-C, et al. Neandertal subsistence strategies during the Quina Mousterian at Roc de Marsal (France)[J]. Quaternary International, 2017,433(B):140-156
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.033 URL |
[42] |
Ngan JH, Fok PJ, Lai EC, et al. A prospective study on fish bone ingestion. Experience of 358 patients[J]. Ann Surg, 1990,211(4):459-462
pmid: 2322040 |
[43] |
Sung SH, Jeon SW, Son HS, et al. Factors predictive of risk for complications in patients with oesophageal foreign bodies[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2011,43(8):632-635
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.02.018 URL |
[44] |
Committee ASoP, Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011,73(6):1085-1091
doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.010 URL |
[45] | Wilson GL. The Horse and Dog in Hidatsa Culture[M]. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1924 |
[46] | Lupo KD, Schmitt DN. Experiments in Bone Boiling Nutritional Returns and Archaeological Reflections[J]. Anthropozoologica, 1997,25(26):137-144 |
[47] |
Karr LP, Short AEG, Adrien Hannus L, et al. A bone grease processing station at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village: Archaeological evidence for the exploitation of bone fats[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2014,20(1):1-12
doi: 10.1179/1749631414Y.0000000035 URL |
[48] |
Brink JW, Dawe B. Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 2003,48(186):85-104
doi: 10.1080/2052546.2003.11949298 URL |
[49] |
Outram AK. A New Approach to Identifying Bone Marrow and Grease Exploitation: Why the “Indeterminate” Fragments should not be Ignored[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2001,28(4):401-410
doi: 10.1006/jasc.2000.0619 URL |
[50] | Manne Manne, Stiner MC, Bicho NF. Evidence for bone grease rendering during the Upper Paleolithic at Vale Boi (Algarve, Portugal); proceedings of the Animais Na Pré-História e Arqueologia Da Península Ibérica, F, 2006[C]. Promontorio Monográfica 3.2005 |
[51] | Manne T. Early Upper Paleolithic bone processing and insights into small-scale storage of fats at Vale Boi, southern Iberia[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,44:111-123 |
[52] | Morin E. Rethinking the emergence of bone grease procurement[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2020,59 |
[53] |
Peres TM. Zooarchaeological Approaches to the Identification of Bone Fat Production in the Archaeological Record[J]. Ethnobiology Letters, 2018,9(2):107-109
doi: 10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018 URL |
[54] | Wood WR. Nots on the bison bone from the Paul Brave, Huff, and Demery sites[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1962,7(17):201-204 |
[55] | Zierhut NW. Bone breaking activities of the Calling Lake Cree[J]. 1967,1:33-36 |
[56] | Spector JD. Crabapple Point(Je 93): An Historic Winnebago Indian Site in Jefferson County, Wisconsin[J]. Wisconsin Archaeologist, 1975,56:270-345 |
[57] |
Brink JW. Fat Content in Leg Bones ofBison bison, and Applications to Archaeology[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997,24(3):259-274
doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0109 URL |
[58] | Outram AK. The identification and Palaeoeconomic context of prehistoric bone marrow and grease exploitation[D]. Durham University, 1998 |
[59] |
Logan B. The Fat of the Land: White Rock Phase Bison Hunting and Grease Production[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1998,43(166):349-366
doi: 10.1080/2052546.1998.11931906 URL |
[60] |
Wolverton S. NISP:MNE and %Whole in Analysis of Prehistoric Carcass Exploitation[J]. North American Archaeologist, 2002,23(2):85-100
doi: 10.2190/EGDQ-CQ1Q-LLD2-H3TP URL |
[61] | Gifford-Gonzalez D, Bonnichsen R, Sorg MH. Ethnographic analogues for interpreting modified bones some cases from East Africa[M]. Bone modification. Center for the study of the first Americans, Orono, University of Maine (Orono, Maine). 1989: 179-246 |
[62] |
Outram AK. Comparing Levels of Subsistence Stress amongst Norse Settlers in Iceland and Greenland using Levels of Bone Fat Exploitation as an Indicator[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2003,8(2):119-128
doi: 10.1179/env.2003.8.2.119 URL |
[63] |
Karr LP, Outram AK, Adrien Hannus L. A Chronology of Bone Marrow and Bone Grease Exploitation at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 2010,55(215):215-223
doi: 10.1179/pan.2010.019 URL |
[64] |
Kent S. Variability in Faunal Assemblages: The Influence of Hunting Skill, Sharing, Dogs, and Mode of Cooking on Faunal Remains at a Sedentary Kalahari Community[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1993,12(4):323-385
doi: 10.1006/jaar.1993.1010 URL |
[65] |
Stiner MC, Munro ND, Surovell TA, et al. Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation[J]. Science, 1999,283(5399):190-194
doi: 10.1126/science.283.5399.190 URL |
[66] |
Stiner, Munro, Surovell. The Tortoise and the Hare: Small-Game Use, the Broad-Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography[J]. Current Anthropology, 2000,41(1):39
doi: 10.1086/300102 URL |
[67] |
Ugan A. Climate, bone density, and resource depression: What is driving variation in large and small game in Fremont archaeofaunas?[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2005,24(3):227-251
doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2005.05.002 URL |
[68] |
Prince P. Determinants and Implications of Bone Grease Rendering: A Pacific Northwest Example[J]. North American Archaeologist, 2007,28(1):1-28
doi: 10.2190/NA.28.1.a URL |
[69] | Pryor AJE. Following the FatFood and Mobility in the European Upper Palaeolithic 45,000 to 18,000 BP[J]. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 2008,23(2):161-179 |
[70] | Lyman RL. Vertebrate taphonomy[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1994. |
[71] |
Roberts SJ, Smith CI, Millard A, et al. The taphonomy of cooked bone: characterizing boiling and its physico-chemical effects[J]. Archaeometry, 2002,44(3):485-494
doi: 10.1111/arch.2002.44.issue-3 URL |
[72] | 张双权. 旧石器遗址动物骨骼表面非人工痕迹研究及其考古学意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014,34(1):131-140 |
[1] | 杜雨薇, 张乐, 叶芷, 裴树文. 蔚县盆地吉家庄旧石器遗址动物骨骼的埋藏学分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(03): 359-372. |
[2] | 王晓敏, 王法岗, 陈福友, 李锋, 高星. 泥河湾盆地板井子晚更新世遗址古人类对动物资源的消费策略[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(06): 1005-1016. |
[3] | 杜雨薇, 丁馨, 裴树文. 浅议古人类活动遗址的动物埋藏学研究方法[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(03): 523-534. |
[4] | 赵潮. 从石制品技术特征视角探讨史前狩猎采集者的流动性[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(02): 370-380. |
[5] | 黄超, 张双权. X射线衍射技术在烧骨实验研究中的初步应用[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 513-525. |
[6] | 黄超, 张双权. 旧石器遗址出土烧骨的技术分析及其对考古学的启示[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(02): 249-260. |
[7] | 张萌, 陈淳. 宾福德的周口店埋藏学研究与旧石器考古学理论建构[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(04): 536-546. |
[8] | 张双权, 宋艳花, 张乐, 许乐, 李磊, 石金鸣. 柿子滩遗址第9地点出土的动物烧骨[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(04): 598-612. |
[9] | 张乐, 张双权, 高星. 地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用: 以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 407-418. |
[10] | 张双权, 彭菲, 张乐, 郭家龙, 王惠民, 黄超, 戴静雯, 张钰哲, 高星. 宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(02): 232-244. |
[11] | 栗静舒;张双权;高星;Henry T.Bunn. 许家窑遗址马科动物的死亡年龄[J]. 人类学学报, 2017, 36(01): 62-73. |
[12] | 何嘉宁. 军都山古代人群运动模式及生活方式的时序性变化[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(02): 238-245. |
[13] | 张双权;高星;陈福友;李俨;张乐;张晓凌;栗静舒. 周口店第一地点西剖面2009-2010年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(01): 63-75. |
[14] | 陈曦;同号文. 泥河湾山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼埋藏学研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2015, 34(04): 553-564. |
[15] | 张双权;裴树文;张乐;王惠民;高星. 水洞沟遗址第7地点动物化石初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2014, 33(03): 343-354. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||