旧石器时代早期石制品分析方案

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0046

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (04): 547-567.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0046cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0046

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旧石器时代早期石制品分析方案

Ignacio de la TORRE¹(), Rafael MORA², 裴树文³^,⁴(), 马东东³^,⁴^,⁵

1.西班牙高级科学研究委员会(CSIC）历史研究所,西班牙马德里 28037
2.巴塞罗那自治大学文学院史前系,西班牙巴塞罗那 08193
3.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
4.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044
5.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2020-12-10 修回日期:2021-03-10 出版日期:2021-08-15 发布日期:2021-08-17
通讯作者: 裴树文
作者简介:Ignacio de la Torre,男,研究员,主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。Email: ignacio.delatorre@cchs.csic.es
基金资助:
European Research Council-Advanced Grant(832980);European Research Council-Advanced Grant(BICAEHFID);国家自然科学基金项目(41872029);国家自然科学基金项目(41372032)

A methodological protocol for the analysis of Early Stone Age lithic assemblages

Ignacio de la TORRE¹(), Rafael MORA², PEI Shuwen³^,⁴(), MA Dongdong³^,⁴^,⁵

1. Instituto de Historia, CSIC, 28037 Madrid, Spain
2. División de Prehistoria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
3. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
4. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
5. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2020-12-10 Revised:2021-03-10 Online:2021-08-15 Published:2021-08-17
Contact: PEI Shuwen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文提出一种应用于旧石器时代早期石制品研究的分析方案。本方案以宏观分析方法为主,不包括同样重要的微观分析方法,主要应用于旧石器时代早期石制品的技术-类型学分析,不涉及特定地区和特殊石制品的讨论。在旧大陆旧石器时代早期石器研究中,鉴于学者们使用的技术学与类型学分析方案总体相似,我们认为在研究中使用标准化的分析方案会提高地区间石器面貌的可比性,并有助于理解旧石器时代早期旧大陆古人类的技术行为模式。从这个角度出发,本文将回顾旧石器时代早期石器研究的主要理论和方法,并提出分析视角和术语建议,希望有助于研究中对描述剥片类、废片类、锤击工具、拼合工具和传统石制品的测量与绘图惯例。

关键词: 石器技术, 理论性视角, 分析方案, 旧石器时代早期

Abstract:

This paper proposes an analytical protocol for the study of early Palaeolithic stone tools. Our proposal follows a macroscopic approach and therefore does not cover the equally-important analysis of microscopic traces. Also, it focuses on techno-typological attributes of pre-Middle Palaeolithic artefact, thus avoiding entering into the discussion of the techno-morphological and regional particularities inherent to the lithic record from the Middle Stone Age onwards. Given the overall similarities of technological solutions employed during the Early Stone Age lithic assemblages and their relative typological homogeneity across the Old World, we argue that using standardized protocols in the description of stone tool collections may improve comparability and help understanding global patterns of technological behaviour across the early Palaeolithic. From this perspective, this paper will review the main theoretical approaches to the study of Early Stone Age stone assemblages and will propose analytical perspectives and terminologies in the description of flaked, detached and pounded tools, as well in the study of refits and conventions in artefact measuring and illustration.

Key words: Lithic technology, Theoretical perspectives, Analytical protocols, Early Stone Age

中图分类号:

K871.11

Ignacio de la TORRE, Rafael MORA, 裴树文, 马东东. 旧石器时代早期石制品分析方案[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(04): 547-567.

Ignacio de la TORRE, Rafael MORA, PEI Shuwen, MA Dongdong. A methodological protocol for the analysis of Early Stone Age lithic assemblages[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(04): 547-567.

图/表 15

图1 石片和石核的主要属性特征石片/Flake (from EF-HR, Olduvai, Tanzania);(B) 石核/Core (from Peninj, Tanzania)

Fig.1 Main features of flake and core

图2 石片台面特征与背面片疤方向说明台面类型/Types;B)台面片疤/Facets;C)台面形态/Morphology; D) 石片背面片疤方向/Scar directionality in the dorsal face of flakes

Fig.2 Features of the flake striking platform and scar directionality in the dorsal face of flakes

图3 石片或残片上的剥片事故裂片/siret fracture;（B）横向断片/transverse fracture;（C）远端/termination

Fig.3 Knapping accidents in flakes/ flake fragments

图4 锤击法剥片石核的理想模型

Fig.4 Idealized schemes of free-hand core reduction

图5 EF-HR的石刀（奥杜威,坦桑尼亚）

Fig.5 Knife from EF-HR (Olduvai, Tanzania)

图6 EF-HR遗址出土的手镐（奥杜威,坦桑尼亚）

Fig.6 Pick from EF-HR (Olduvai, Tanzania)

图7 薄刃斧的形态学和技术学特征坦桑尼亚Natron湖Peninj遗址出土的薄刃斧/Cleaver from Peninj, in Lake Natron (Tanzania);B）薄刃斧的技术学分类, 修改自Tixier[57]/Technological classification of cleavers;C）薄刃斧的类型学分类,修改自Clark and Kleindienst[59]/Typological classification of cleavers

Fig.7 typological and technological morphotypes of cleavers

图8 Mieso 43遗址的两面器（Miese峡谷,坦桑尼亚）

Fig.8 Biface from Mieso 43 (Mieso valley, Ethiopia)

图9 飞梁和麻地沟遗址的修理工具（泥河湾盆地）飞梁遗址的刮削器[60]/Scraper from Feiliang;B）麻地沟E2地点的锯齿刃器[61]/Denticulate from MDG E2;C）飞梁遗址的尖状器[60]/Point from Feiliang

Fig.9 Retouched tools from Feiliang and Madigou site (Nihewan basin)

图10 修理或修型的描述（参照Laplace[49]和Mora[48]等）

Fig.10 Description of retouch/shaping

图11 石锤 FLK遗址北1-2层出土的剥片石锤（奥杜威峡谷,坦桑尼亚）/Knapping hammerstone from FLK North Level 1-2 (Olduvai Gorge), Tanzania; B）Gadeb 2E遗址带有裂痕的石锤（埃塞俄比亚）/Hammerstone with fracture angles from Gadeb 2E (Ethiopia)

Fig.11 Hammerstone

图12 在砸击实验过程中石砧剥离的产品（修改自de la Torre等[50]）

Fig.12 Positives detached from anvils during experimental battering processes

图13 石砧的其他功能

Fig.13 Alternative functions of stone anvils

图14 奥杜威砸击实验的石制品拼合组（修改自de la Torre等[26]）拼合线的玫瑰花图/Rose diagram of refit lines;B）拼合重建/Refit connections;C）Kernel密度图/Kernel density map

Fig.14 Experimental refit set of Olduvai bipolar lithics

图15 EF-HR遗址中的两面器(A-B）和石刀(C-D）（奥杜威,坦桑尼亚）及技术符号说明线图/Artistic drawing;B）历时性变化的符号轮廓图/Diacritic and chronology of removals over sketch;C）照片与符号轮廓图的结合/Diacritic interpretation over photograph;D）与C图中相同石制品的3D模型/3D model of same piece as in C;E）技术符号类别/Symbols used in diacritic schemes：1.台面有打击点的石片/Location of striking point on the flake butt;2.不具打击点的石片/Inferred location of butt;3.裂片/Location of striking point on Siret (split) flake;4.可观测到打击点的片疤方向/Flaking direction of scar with percussion point;5.不可以观测到打击点的片疤方向/Flaking direction of scar where percussion point is absent;6.推测的片疤方向/Inferred flaking direction of scar;7.砸击石片疤/Bipolar scar;8.对应的剥片面上的片疤的打击点/Percussion point of scar on the adjacent flaking surface;9.对应剥片面上无打击点的石片疤/Location of scar lacking percussion point on the adjacent flaking surface

Fig.15 Biface (A-B) and knife (C-D) from EF-HR (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), and symbols used in diacritic schemes

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旧石器时代早期石制品分析方案

A methodological protocol for the analysis of Early Stone Age lithic assemblages

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