贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0054

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (06): 931-942.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0054

贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义

郭林¹^,²^,³(), 赵凌霞¹^,³(), 郑远文⁴, 张立召¹^,²^,³, 杜抱朴¹^,⁵, 戴犁⁴, 蔡回阳⁶, 王新金⁷

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044
2.中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049
3.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京100044
4.贵州省毕节市文物局,毕节 551700
5.首都医科大学基础医学院,人体解剖与组织胚胎学系,北京100069
6.贵州省博物馆,贵阳550001
7.贵州省文物考古研究所,贵阳550003

收稿日期:2020-08-10 修回日期:2020-09-04 出版日期:2021-12-15 发布日期:2021-12-17
通讯作者: 赵凌霞
作者简介:郭林,硕士研究生。Email: guolin@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项 B 类(XDB26000000)

Mosaic dental morphology of a newly discovered human upper premolar and AMS ¹⁴C dating of the Weijiadong cave site in Guizhou province, South China

GUO Lin¹^,²^,³(), ZHAO Lingxia¹^,³(), ZHENG Yuanwen⁴, ZHANG Lizhao¹^,²^,³, DU Baopu¹^,⁵, DAI Li⁴, CAI Huiyang⁶, WANG Xinjin⁷

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
4. Bijie Relics of Guizhou, Bijie 551700
5. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
6. Guizhou Provincial Museum, Guiyang 550001
7. Guizhou Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Guiyang 550003

Received:2020-08-10 Revised:2020-09-04 Online:2021-12-15 Published:2021-12-17
Contact: ZHAO Lingxia

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2007年贵州毕节韦家洞首次发现古人类活动遗物。2016~2018年对遗址做深入考察,发现韦家洞是一个严重破坏的晚更新世古人类遗址,在深度破坏的扰乱层中出土了大量古人类活动证据,包括石制品、动物烧骨和人类牙齿,2018年在洞口和洞内深处发现残留的原生文化层。本文报告了韦家洞原生文化层的¹⁴C年代测定结果,距今1.2~2.7万年前,属于晚更新世末期。同时,观察描述了韦家洞出土的一枚古人类上颌第四前臼齿化石,对牙齿形态测量进行了研究比较,发现韦家洞人牙测量值落在现代中国人变异范围内,牙冠咬合面及釉质-齿质交界面EDJ形态简单,牙根短,根管简单纤细,与现代人相似。牙冠颊舌径大,具有三角形隆起和齿带,牙冠颊侧和舌侧均有垂直沟,近中和远中缘有边缘副结节,牙根中部膨大,这些特征显示了韦家洞人牙形态的原始性。综合比较国内外出土的古人类上颌第四前臼齿的形态特点及其演化趋势,结合遗址年代测定结果,我们认为韦家洞出土的人类上颌第四前臼齿形态特点体现了古人类牙齿演化的镶嵌性,为晚更新世东亚早期现代人的形态变异及其演化增添了新证据。

关键词: 古人类学, 前臼齿, 非测量性状, 晚更新世, 镶嵌演化

Abstract:

Weijiadong Paleolithic cave site located in Bijie City, Guizhou province in southern China, was first discovered in 2007. Further excavations conducted during the field season of 2016~2018, where thousands of paleolithic artifacts, rich animal bone fragment remains, and human teeth were discovered from the upper disturbed layer. In 2018, the original lower deposit layer was uncovered at the front part of cave entrance and inner part of the cave back. The approach of ¹⁴C AMS dates the geological age of the Paleolithic layer as old as 12-27 ka BP in the termination of late-Pleistocene. One human right upper P4 (WJD-H4) was discovered in 2016 from the disturbed layer. In the present paper, we described in detail followed by comparison with modern and fossil humans in dental measurements and morphological traits. The crown size, mesial-distal length 6.9 mm, buccal-lingual width 10.8 mm, is within the range of modern Chinese. However, the buccal-lingual width is much wider at the superior limit of modern humans, also larger than the superior limit of early modern humans within east Asia and comparable to some middle Pleistocene fossils from China. The morphology study indicates the mosaic of its modern and primitive traits. The occlusal enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) is relatively simple without accessory ridges, and a single root with Vertucci Type I canal is common within the modern population. Considering the geological background of this site, WJD-H4 would represent members of early modern humans. However, several primitive traits are present, such as buccal triangular swelling, cingulum, buccal and lingual vertical grooves in the crown of outer enamel surface (OES) and EDJ, swelling in the middle of the root, and those are quite common in middle Pleistocene hominins. Especially, lingual vertical grooves are the first case in the late Pleistocene specimen in China. Marginal accessory tubercles were presented in WJD-H4 as well, a medium high-frequently regional trait in the modern populations in East Asia. In conclusion, the human upper premolar morphology from the Weijiadong cave site indicates the mosaic evolution of early modern humans in the Late Pleistocene.

Key words: Paleoanthropology, Premolar, Non-metric traits, Late Pleistocene, Mosaic Evolution

中图分类号:

Q983

郭林, 赵凌霞, 郑远文, 张立召, 杜抱朴, 戴犁, 蔡回阳, 王新金. 贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(06): 931-942.

GUO Lin, ZHAO Lingxia, ZHENG Yuanwen, ZHANG Lizhao, DU Baopu, DAI Li, CAI Huiyang, WANG Xinjin. Mosaic dental morphology of a newly discovered human upper premolar and AMS ¹⁴C dating of the Weijiadong cave site in Guizhou province, South China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(06): 931-942.

图/表 6

图1 韦家洞地理位置及洞穴平面图 a.韦家洞在贵州省所处位置（审图号：GS（2019）3333号）;b.韦家洞在毕节地区的相对位置和周边环境（Google map卫星地图）;c.洞穴平面图：A-A’和B-B’分别为T2、T3南侧剖面

Fig.1 Plan view of the Weijiadong cave and its geographical location in Guizhou province

图4 韦家洞遗址出土的古人类牙齿. WJD-H1:右下颌第三前臼齿Right p3;WJD-H4:右上第四前臼齿Right P4

Fig.4 Human teeth discovered from the Weijiadong cave site

图2 韦家洞遗址T2南侧剖面A-A’ a. 剖面A-A’地层示意图;b. 剖面现场发掘情况;c. 测年土样采集位置（红点从上到下依次对应样品1-6）

Fig.2 Stratigraphic section A-A’ of T2 of the Weijiadong cave site

表1 韦家洞遗址T2、T3探方剖面采样及14C测年数据

Tab.1 The 14C Dating results from T2 and T3 section of the Weijiadong cave site

样品Sample	实验室号No.	深度Depth (cm)	材料Materials	校正年代Age(BP cal)
1	Beta-515830	30	炭屑	13036~12808
2	Beta-515316	45	炭屑	17541~17174
3	Beta-507541	65	炭屑	18772~18519
4	Beta-515317	80	炭屑	19568~19239
5	Beta-507543	85	炭屑	20485~20065
6	Beta-515831	110	炭屑	20493~20096
7	Beta-507548	30	骨胶原	27592~27177
8	Beta-507547	30	炭屑	27735~27390

图3 T3南侧剖面B-B’ a.扰乱层发掘情况;b.原生层发掘情况;c.剖面B-B’地层示意图

Fig.3 Stratigraphic section B-B’ of T3

图5 韦家洞WJD-H4上P4 经过显微CT扫描和Mimics 19.0软件重建后的牙冠釉质表面OES、牙釉质本质交界面EDJ及牙髓腔结构 a.咬合面/Occlusal OES; b.颊侧面/Buccal OES; c.舌侧面/Lingual OES; d.近中面/Mesial EDJ; e.颊侧面/Buccal EDJ; f.舌侧面/Lingual EDJ; g.牙髓腔/Pulp cavity。箭头处示意c舌侧面垂直沟和d边缘副结节/Arrows indicate vertical grooves in lingual surface and accessory marginal tubercles.

Fig.5 OES, EDJ and pulp cavity in right P4 WJD-H4 from Weijiadong cave, reconstructed by Micro-CT scan and Mimics 19.0

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贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义

Mosaic dental morphology of a newly discovered human upper premolar and AMS ¹⁴C dating of the Weijiadong cave site in Guizhou province, South China

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贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义

Mosaic dental morphology of a newly discovered human upper premolar and AMS 14C dating of the Weijiadong cave site in Guizhou province, South China

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Mosaic dental morphology of a newly discovered human upper premolar and AMS ¹⁴C dating of the Weijiadong cave site in Guizhou province, South China