遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年身体高度及其比例的影响

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0079

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前有关儿童青少年坐高、下肢长及其比值的报道多为非双生子人群的研究。为了解遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年坐高、下肢长及坐高与下肢长比值影响的相对大小,我们对796对6~18岁双生子的身高和坐高进行了测量,计算下肢长及坐高与下肢长比值,采用结构方程模型分析其遗传和环境相对效应。结果发现,校正年龄后,男女15~18岁年龄组坐高和下肢长的遗传度（0.63~0.78）均分别高于同性别低年龄段儿童青少年（0.31~0.68）;坐高与下肢长比值的遗传度除9~11岁女生（0.84）外,其他年龄组均较低（男0.16~0.46,女0.21~0.57）;共同环境因素和特殊环境因素对6~14岁儿童青少年各指标的作用较大。本研究提示,在快速发育时期,坐高、下肢长和坐高与下肢长比值对环境因素更为敏感,遗传度较低;机体越成熟,其遗传效应更强。

关键词: 身体比例, 发育, 双生子, 遗传度

Abstract:

Most of the studies on sitting height(h), lower limb length(L), and their ratio(h/L) were based on non-twin populations. To understand the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on the sitting height, lower limb length and the ratio of sitting height to lower limb length of children and adolescents, we measured their standing height(H) and sitting height of 796 pairs of twins aged 6-18 years old, and computed their lower limb length and the ratio of h and L. Genetic analyses was done using structural equation models. After adjusting the age, the degree of heritability(d) of h and L in the 15-18 years old group(0.63≤d<0.78) was higher than that for h and L in other younger age groups(0.31≤d<0.68) in both sexes; the heritability of h/L in boys(0.16≤d<0.46) and girls (0.21≤d<0.57) was low except for that of h/L in girls (d=0.84) aged 9-11 years. Our study findings show that common and unique environmental factors exerted a stronger influence on these anthropometric measurements in children and adolescents aged 6-14 years, suggesting during the period of rapid growth, their h, L and h/L are more sensitive to environmental effects. When individuals approached maturity, the genetic effects became stronger.

Key words: Body proportions, Development, Twins, Heritability

中图分类号:

Q983

刘燕, 李玉玲. 遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年身体高度及其比例的影响[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(05): 875-882.

LIU Yan, LI Yuling. Effects of genetic and environmental factors on body height and proportion of children and adolescents[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(05): 875-882.

图/表 6

参考文献 25

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年龄组 Age group(a)	变量Variable	男Male		女Female
年龄组 Age group(a)	变量Variable	同卵双生子MZ	异卵双生子DZ	同卵双生子MZ	异卵双生子DZ
6~8	n (%)	116 (29.74%)	70 (17.95%)	114 (29.23%)	90 (23.08%)
	年龄Age (a)	7.14±0.84	7.09±0.78	7.25±0.74	7.13±0.81
	坐高h(cm)	69.65±3.54	69.40±2.67	68.87±3.13*	67.48±3.34
	下肢长 L (cm)	56.60±4.29	56.54±3.67	56.87±4.09*	55.03±4.54
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.23±0.07	1.23±0.07	1.21±0.06	1.23±0.07
9~11	n (%)	118 (29.21%)	74 (18.32%)	120 (29.70%)	92 (22.77%)
	年龄Age (a)	9.79±0.76*	10.05±0.84	10.07±0.83	10.02±0.77
	坐高 h(cm)	74.77±3.62**	76.23±4.04	75.86±4.59	76.02±4.37
	下肢长 L (cm)	64.30±4.04	65.67±5.50	65.80±4.57	65.22±4.79
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.17±0.06	1.16±0.05	1.15±0.05	1.17±0.06
12~14	n (%)	146 (33.64%)	70 (16.13%)	150 (34.56%)	68 (15.67%)
	年龄Age (a)	13.07±0.77*	12.80±0.86	13.01±0.81	12.76±0.88
	坐高 h(cm)	85.35±5.54*	83.45±5.57	83.32±3.75	82.65±4.15
	下肢长 L (cm)	75.98±4.44**	73.95±5.37	72.17±3.92	71.90±3.77
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.12±0.05	1.13±0.05	1.16±0.06	1.15±0.06
15~18	n (%)	122 (33.51%)	52 (14.29%)	136 (37.36%)	54 (14.84%)
	年龄Age (a)	16.36±1.09	16.31±1.11	16.10±1.02	16.19±1.13
	坐高 h(cm)	92.33±3.70	91.60±3.96	87.10±3.33	86.07±3.36
	下肢长 L (cm)	80.07±3.75	79.94±3.31	73.78±3.56	73.06±4.67
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.15±0.05	1.15±0.06	1.18±0.06	1.18±0.07

年龄组 Age group(a)	变量Variable	男Male		女Female
年龄组 Age group(a)	变量Variable	同卵双生子MZ	异卵双生子DZ	同卵双生子MZ	异卵双生子DZ
6~8	n (%)	116 (29.74%)	70 (17.95%)	114 (29.23%)	90 (23.08%)
	年龄Age (a)	7.14±0.84	7.09±0.78	7.25±0.74	7.13±0.81
	坐高h(cm)	69.65±3.54	69.40±2.67	68.87±3.13*	67.48±3.34
	下肢长 L (cm)	56.60±4.29	56.54±3.67	56.87±4.09*	55.03±4.54
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.23±0.07	1.23±0.07	1.21±0.06	1.23±0.07
9~11	n (%)	118 (29.21%)	74 (18.32%)	120 (29.70%)	92 (22.77%)
	年龄Age (a)	9.79±0.76*	10.05±0.84	10.07±0.83	10.02±0.77
	坐高 h(cm)	74.77±3.62**	76.23±4.04	75.86±4.59	76.02±4.37
	下肢长 L (cm)	64.30±4.04	65.67±5.50	65.80±4.57	65.22±4.79
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.17±0.06	1.16±0.05	1.15±0.05	1.17±0.06
12~14	n (%)	146 (33.64%)	70 (16.13%)	150 (34.56%)	68 (15.67%)
	年龄Age (a)	13.07±0.77*	12.80±0.86	13.01±0.81	12.76±0.88
	坐高 h(cm)	85.35±5.54*	83.45±5.57	83.32±3.75	82.65±4.15
	下肢长 L (cm)	75.98±4.44**	73.95±5.37	72.17±3.92	71.90±3.77
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.12±0.05	1.13±0.05	1.16±0.06	1.15±0.06
15~18	n (%)	122 (33.51%)	52 (14.29%)	136 (37.36%)	54 (14.84%)
	年龄Age (a)	16.36±1.09	16.31±1.11	16.10±1.02	16.19±1.13
	坐高 h(cm)	92.33±3.70	91.60±3.96	87.10±3.33	86.07±3.36
	下肢长 L (cm)	80.07±3.75	79.94±3.31	73.78±3.56	73.06±4.67
	坐高/下肢长 h/L	1.15±0.05	1.15±0.06	1.18±0.06	1.18±0.07

变量Variable	卵型Zygosity	男Male				女Female
变量Variable	卵型Zygosity	6~8 a	9~11 a	12~14 a	15~18 a	6~8 a	9~11 a	12~14 a	15~18 a
坐高 h	同卵双生MZ	0.87**	0.91**	0.96**	0.95**	0.82**	0.93**	0.92**	0.93**
	异卵双生DZ	0.55	0.62	0.60	0.50	0.54	0.57	0.73	0.67
下肢长 L	同卵双生MZ	0.81	0.84*	0.90**	0.83**	0.92**	0.92**	0.95**	0.91**
	异卵双生DZ	0.64	0.65	0.62	0.45	0.62	0.58	0.76	0.68
坐高/下肢长 h/L	同卵双生MZ	0.66	0.75	0.86**	0.79**	0.64	0.81	0.85**	0.77
	异卵双生DZ	0.62	0.54	0.54	0.31	0.43	0.69	0.63	0.58

变量Variable	卵型Zygosity	男Male				女Female
变量Variable	卵型Zygosity	6~8 a	9~11 a	12~14 a	15~18 a	6~8 a	9~11 a	12~14 a	15~18 a
坐高 h	同卵双生MZ	0.87**	0.91**	0.96**	0.95**	0.82**	0.93**	0.92**	0.93**
	异卵双生DZ	0.55	0.62	0.60	0.50	0.54	0.57	0.73	0.67
下肢长 L	同卵双生MZ	0.81	0.84*	0.90**	0.83**	0.92**	0.92**	0.95**	0.91**
	异卵双生DZ	0.64	0.65	0.62	0.45	0.62	0.58	0.76	0.68
坐高/下肢长 h/L	同卵双生MZ	0.66	0.75	0.86**	0.79**	0.64	0.81	0.85**	0.77
	异卵双生DZ	0.62	0.54	0.54	0.31	0.43	0.69	0.63	0.58

变量Variable	年龄组 Age group (a)	模型Model 1 (E_cf=0)						模型Model 2 (E_cm=E_cf)
		男Male			女Female			男Male			女Female
		E_a	E_c	E_e	E_a	E_c	E_e	E_a	E_c	E_e	E_a	E_c	E_e
坐高 h(cm)	6~8	0.58	0.28	0.14	0.81	—	0.19	0.58	0.28	0.14	0.52	0.29	0.19
	9~11	0.58	0.34	0.08	0.93	—	0.07	0.59	0.32	0.09	0.68	0.25	0.07
	12~14	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.67	0.29	0.04	0.44	0.49	0.07
	15~18	0.95	0	0.05	0.94	—	0.06	0.78	0.18	0.05	0.70	0.24	0.06
下肢长 L (cm)	6~8	0.28	0.52	0.19	0.92	—	0.08	0.31	0.49	0.20	0.57	0.35	0.08
	9~11	0.61	0.30	0.09	0.92	—	0.08	0.62	0.29	0.09	0.66	0.27	0.07
	12~14	0.64	0.27	0.09	0.94	—	0.06	0.52	0.40	0.09	0.43	0.52	0.05
	15~18	0.82	—	0.18	0.93	—	0.07	0.63	0.19	0.18	0.75	0.18	0.07
坐高/下肢长 h/L	6~8	—	0.65	0.35	0.66	—	0.34	0.16	0.48	0.36	0.21	0.42	0.36
	9~11	0.42	0.36	0.22	0.84	—	0.16	—	—	—	—	—	—
	12~14	0.54	0.33	0.14	0.87	—	0.13	0.46	0.40	0.13	0.57	0.30	0.13
	15~18	0.47	0.33	0.20	0.85	—	0.15	0.42	0.38	0.20	0.56	0.29	0.15