人类学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01): 61-74.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0054cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0054
张月书1,2,3(), 李锋4(), 陈福友1,3, 仪明洁5, 高星1,2,3
收稿日期:
2021-05-14
修回日期:
2021-08-13
出版日期:
2023-02-15
发布日期:
2023-02-20
通讯作者:
李锋,研究员,主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: 作者简介:
张月书, 博士研究生,主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
ZHANG Yueshu1,2,3(), LI Feng4(), CHEN Fuyou1,3, YI Mingjie5, GAO Xing1,2,3
Received:
2021-05-14
Revised:
2021-08-13
Online:
2023-02-15
Published:
2023-02-20
摘要:
东谷坨遗址是泥河湾盆地内重要的旧石器时代早期遗址,其文化层以河湖相堆积为主,大量的文化遗物在埋藏过程中会受到流水等自然作用的影响,明确遗址的形成过程、了解遗物在埋藏过程中被改造的程度是我们开展其他各项研究的基础。2016-2020年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和河北省文物考古研究院对东谷坨遗址T1区域开展了新的发掘,通过此次发掘,我们将原6A文化层划分为2个亚层。其中6A2为粗砂砾石堆积,显示水动力较强的沉积环境,但该层出土的多数石制品表面新鲜,并未显示出受高能水流的改造或被长距离搬运的特征。鉴于此,我们以探讨搬运改造石制品所形成破损特点为目的设计并实施了模拟搬运试验,开展了遗址内沉积物、石制品特征等多指标分析探讨遗址的形成过程。结果表明,6A2层的多数石制品并非由高能水流搬运而来,而是粗砂砾石堆积在遗址形成后,古人类活动于其上所遗留,此层石制品显示了原地埋藏的特点。
中图分类号:
张月书, 李锋, 陈福友, 仪明洁, 高星. 泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址6A2层的形成过程[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(01): 61-74.
ZHANG Yueshu, LI Feng, CHEN Fuyou, YI Mingjie, GAO Xing. Formation processes of Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(01): 61-74.
图1 东谷坨遗址的地理位置及其探方分布 a.泥河湾盆地 Nihewan basin in North China;b.泥河湾盆地东缘遗址相对位置(修改自参考文献[15])Relevant sites in the eastern part of Nihewan basin. It is modified from reference [15];c.东谷坨遗址各探方位置图 Plan distribution of the five trenches;d.东谷坨遗址T1发掘区 Location of the Trench 1
Fig.1 Geographical location and trenches distribution of the Donggutuo site
图2 东谷坨遗址2016-2020年T1发掘区剖面图 a.遗址北剖面图The northern profile;b.地层序列The stratigraphic sequence;c.6A2层单个探方出土考古材料及砾石The archaeological remains and pebbles of one square from layer 6A2
Fig.2 Stratigraphic profile of the Trench 1 excavated in 2016-2020 at the Donggutuo site
石制品类型Category | 数量Number (n) | 百分比Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
剥片类Flaked Pieces | 117 | 22% | ||
石器Retouched pieces | 30 | 5.6% | ||
石核Cores | 87 | 16.4% | ||
打击类Pounded pieces | 石锤Hammer stone | 1 | 0.2% | |
废片类Detached pieces or Debitage | 414 | 77.8% | ||
碎块Shatters | 139 | 26.1% | ||
断块Chunks | 111 | 20.9% | ||
完整石片Complete Flakes | 124 | 23.3% | ||
残片Flake Fragements | 40 | 7.5% | ||
总计Total | 532 | 100% |
表1 2016年东谷坨遗址6A2层出土的石制品
Tab.1 Lithics uncovered from layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site in 2016
石制品类型Category | 数量Number (n) | 百分比Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
剥片类Flaked Pieces | 117 | 22% | ||
石器Retouched pieces | 30 | 5.6% | ||
石核Cores | 87 | 16.4% | ||
打击类Pounded pieces | 石锤Hammer stone | 1 | 0.2% | |
废片类Detached pieces or Debitage | 414 | 77.8% | ||
碎块Shatters | 139 | 26.1% | ||
断块Chunks | 111 | 20.9% | ||
完整石片Complete Flakes | 124 | 23.3% | ||
残片Flake Fragements | 40 | 7.5% | ||
总计Total | 532 | 100% |
图3 模拟搬运实验 a.打制实验标本 Knapping experimental specimens;b.实验标本称重 Weighting experimental samples;c.实验标本 The experimental samples;d.转动实验装置 Rolling the experimental device
Fig.3 The transportation-simulation experiment
图4 实验标本ZJS-9在不同实验阶段表面的变化(原料来自周家山) a. 5 分钟5 mins;b. 10 分钟10 mins;c. 15 分钟15 mins;d. 20 分钟 20 mins
Fig.4 The changes on the surface of an experimental sample at different stages(raw material was collected at the Zhoujiashan hill)
图5 实验标本与遗址出土标本 a. 实验改造标本 Experimental modified sample;b. 东谷坨遗址6A2层出土石器 Retouched piece from Layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site;c. 疑似石制品 Geofacts;d.实验修理石器 Experimental retouched piece
Fig.5 The experimental samples and unearthed lithics
检验项目 t-test Category | t | p |
---|---|---|
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 遗址出土石器 Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site | -13.135 | 4.03742E-98 |
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 疑似石制品 Geofacts | -13.297 | 1.9497E-117 |
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces | -8.828 | 1.6091E-62 |
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site | 0.604 | 0.571729284 |
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 实验修理标本 Exp. retouched pieces | 1.834 | 0.06721793 |
遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces | 1.357 | 0.175044886 |
表2 实验标本和考古标本片疤长度t检验结果
Tab.2 Results of t test on scar sizes of the experimental samples and stone artifacts
检验项目 t-test Category | t | p |
---|---|---|
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 遗址出土石器 Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site | -13.135 | 4.03742E-98 |
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs. 疑似石制品 Geofacts | -13.297 | 1.9497E-117 |
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples (20 mins.) vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces | -8.828 | 1.6091E-62 |
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site | 0.604 | 0.571729284 |
疑似石制品Geofacts vs. 实验修理标本 Exp. retouched pieces | 1.834 | 0.06721793 |
遗址出土石器Retouched pieces from Donggutuo site vs.实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces | 1.357 | 0.175044886 |
标本类型Type | 最小值Min | 最大值Max | 平均数AVG | 中位数Med | 方差Var | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples(Ex.m) | 5 mins (Ex.5) | 4 | 65 | 27 | 26 | 194.7 |
10 mins (Ex.10) | 17 | 66 | 42 | 40 | 165.8 | |
15 mins (Ex.15) | 23 | 80 | 48 | 47.5 | 168.5 | |
20 mins (Ex.20) | 27 | 102 | 56 | 55.5 | 295.8 | |
实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces(Ex.r) | 3 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 3.9 | |
出土石器Retouched pieces from the Donggutuo site (DGT) | 3 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 2.4 | |
疑似石制品Geofacts(Geo) | 1 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 12.7 |
表3 实验标本和考古标本的片疤数量
Tab.3 Number of scar of the experimental and the archaeological samples (n)
标本类型Type | 最小值Min | 最大值Max | 平均数AVG | 中位数Med | 方差Var | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
实验改造标本Exp. modified samples(Ex.m) | 5 mins (Ex.5) | 4 | 65 | 27 | 26 | 194.7 |
10 mins (Ex.10) | 17 | 66 | 42 | 40 | 165.8 | |
15 mins (Ex.15) | 23 | 80 | 48 | 47.5 | 168.5 | |
20 mins (Ex.20) | 27 | 102 | 56 | 55.5 | 295.8 | |
实验修理标本Exp. retouched pieces(Ex.r) | 3 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 3.9 | |
出土石器Retouched pieces from the Donggutuo site (DGT) | 3 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 2.4 | |
疑似石制品Geofacts(Geo) | 1 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 12.7 |
来源Data source→ 数量Number(n)↘ 长度Size(cm)↓ | 东谷坨Donggutuo | 文献Refference [ | 文献Refference [ |
---|---|---|---|
0.5-1 | 101 | 6101 | 1635 |
1-2 | 507 | 2394 | 2422 |
2-3 | 173 | 662 | 947 |
3-4 | 76 | 331 | 410 |
4-5 | 30 | 210 | 221 |
5-6 | 13 | 165 | 129 |
6-7 | 2 | 101 | 75 |
7-8 | 1 | 60 | 41 |
8-9 | 0 | 34 | 29 |
9-10 | 0 | 7 | 6 |
10-11 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
11-12 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
12-13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
13-14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
14-15 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
15-16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
16-17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
17-18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
18-19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
19-20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
表4 实验数据和东谷坨遗址废片长度分布数据
Tab.4 Data of debitage size distribution of experiments and the Donggutuo site
来源Data source→ 数量Number(n)↘ 长度Size(cm)↓ | 东谷坨Donggutuo | 文献Refference [ | 文献Refference [ |
---|---|---|---|
0.5-1 | 101 | 6101 | 1635 |
1-2 | 507 | 2394 | 2422 |
2-3 | 173 | 662 | 947 |
3-4 | 76 | 331 | 410 |
4-5 | 30 | 210 | 221 |
5-6 | 13 | 165 | 129 |
6-7 | 2 | 101 | 75 |
7-8 | 1 | 60 | 41 |
8-9 | 0 | 34 | 29 |
9-10 | 0 | 7 | 6 |
10-11 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
11-12 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
12-13 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
13-14 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
14-15 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
15-16 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
16-17 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
17-18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
18-19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
19-20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
图11 东谷坨遗址、任进成等实验[34,35]与Kathy Schick实验[33]废片尺寸分布对比 a.所有废片 All of the debitages;b. L≥1 cm的废片 debitages L≥1 cm
Fig.11 Comparison of debitage size distributions among the Donggutuo site and the Renjincheng et al’s[34,35] and Schick’s experiments[33]
图13 东谷坨遗址6A2层遗物空间分布 a. 6A2层遗物平面分布及微地形 Spatial distribution of the archaeological remians and the microtopography of layer 6A2;b.遗物空间分布三维散点图 3D scatter plot for the archaeological remians of layer 6A2
Fig.13 The spatial distribution of the archaeological remians in layer 6A2 of the Donggutuo site
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