现代人群颅骨梨状孔区域的形态变异

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

位于颅骨颜面中部的梨状孔及周围区域的形态在古人类及现代人群呈现不同的表现并与气候环境密切相关，一直受到人类演化及生物人类学研究的关注。本文对欧洲裔美国白人、非洲人、亚洲地区中国华北人 154 例头骨标本的梨状孔区域形态特征进行观测和分析，结果显示这一区域形态具有明显的人群特点及人群之间的差异。非洲人群具有低矮宽阔的梨状孔、圆钝的梨状孔边缘、欠发达的鼻前棘、明显的鼻下窝；美国白人梨状孔高而狭窄、边缘锐利、鼻前棘发达、鼻下窝微弱甚至缺如。这些特征在华北人群的表现介于美国白人和非洲人之间，但与美国白人更为接近。以往研究发现，近万年来中国不同地区人群梨状孔形态呈现时代变化与人群之间的差异，尤其是新石器时代黄河中游地区人群具有宽阔的梨状孔。然而由于缺乏系统全面的数据采集和分析，梨状孔区域形态与变异在整个中国地区人群表现规律仍不清楚。未来对不同中国人群梨状孔区域形态特征数据的采集和分析将为研究东亚大陆现代人群形成与分化提供重要基础数据。

关键词: 梨状孔, 齿槽, 鼻腔, 形态

Abstract:

Morphologies of the circum-nasal region in modern human populations exhibit different patterns and are closely related to climate and environment. However, the full scope of morphological variation is unclear, especially given the lack of well-defined standards, including homologous landmarks for morphological data collection and analysis of this region. In this study, 154 crania of Caucasian, African and North Chinese populations were observed and measured. Results revealed pronounced population-specific patterns in morphologies of the circum-nasal region. The African population was characterized by a low and broad piriform aperture with a blunt margin, weak anterior nasal spine, and a pronounced sub-nasal fossa. In contrast, the nasal region of the Caucasian population was characterized by a high and narrow piriform aperture with a sharp margin, a well-developed anterior nasal spine, and a weak or absent sub-nasal fossa. The pattern characterizing the North Chinese population was intermediate between the Caucasian and African populations, but more closely resembled the Caucasian in trait-by-trait expressions.

Previous studies have found that piriform aperture morphology in various modern human populations from the past 10,000 years exhibits chronological changes and inter-population differences. For example, it is noteworthy that Neolithic populations from the middle Yellow River regions exhibit a broad piriform aperture. Due to the lack of comprehensive information during data collection and analysis, many aspects of the morphological pattern and extent of variation in the circum-nasal region from present-day Chinese are still not clear.

Future investigation of the morphological patterns characterizing the circum-nasal region of Holocene populations found in China will provide essential context for understanding the formation and diversification of modern human populations in East Asia.

Key words: Piriform aperture, Alveolar, Nasal cavity, Morphology

中图分类号:

Q983

刘武, 何嘉宁, 严毅, 张梓梁, 陈逸迎, 吴秀杰. 现代人群颅骨梨状孔区域的形态变异[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(04): 445-457.

LIU Wu, HE Jianing, YAN Yi, ZHANG Ziliang, CHEN Yiying, WU Xiujie. Morphological variation in the circum-nasal region of modern human[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(04): 445-457.

图/表 7

图1 本文研究的部分梨状孔区域形态特征（修改自文献[13]）

Fig.1 Morphological features of the circum-nasal region used in the study (modified after [13])

表1 梨状孔区域形态特征在三个人群表现情况

Tab.1 Expressions of the morphological features of the circum-nasal region in three populations

特征features	美国白人American Caucasian	非洲人African Negro	华北人North Chinese
梨状孔形态morphology of nasal aperture	高狭窄，I=73.3	低矮宽阔，I=88.1	高狭窄，I=84.3
	下部最宽，f=53.8%	下部最宽，f=85.4%	下部最宽，f=59.4%
	中部最宽，f=46.2%	中部最宽，f=14.6%	中部最宽，f=40.6%
梨状孔边缘laternal nasal margin-lnm	锐利，f=84.6%	锐利，f=38.5%	锐利，f=53.2%
梨状孔边缘laternal nasal margin-lnm	圆钝，f=15.4%	圆钝，f=61.5%	圆钝，f=46.8%
鼻前棘anterior nasal spines-ans	显著，f=43.8%	显著，f=7.3%	显著，f=25.0%
	中等，f=42.2%	中等，f=22.0%	中等，f=40.6%
	微弱，f=14.0%	微弱，f=70.7%	微弱，f=34.4%
鼻下窝subnasal fossa-snf	显著，f=12.3%	显著，f=76.9%	显著，f=40.0%
鼻下窝subnasal fossa-snf	不显或缺如，f=87.7%	不显或缺如，f=23.1%	不显或缺如，f=60.0%

图2 美国白人(A)、非洲人(B)、华北人(C) 梨状孔形状

Fig.2 Shape of piriform apertures in American Caucasian (A), African Negro (B) and North Chinese (C) populations

图3 梨状孔指数(A) 及梨状孔高、宽测量个体数据(B) 在本文研究的美国白人、非洲人、华北人分布

Fig.3 Box plot of nasal aperture indices (A) and distributions of nasal height versus breadth for individual specimens (B) of American Caucasian, African Negro and North Chinese populations

图4 梨状孔边缘及鼻下窝在美国白人(A)、非洲人(B)、华北人(C) 标本的典型表现黑色箭头：梨状孔边缘；红色箭头：鼻下窝。红色箭头还展示了齿槽斜坡与鼻腔底部之间过渡是否具有边界或者平滑过渡

Fig.4 Morphological patterns of the lateral nasal margin, subnasal fossa, and the transitional region between nasoalveolar clivus and nasal cavity in American Caucasian (A), African Negro (B) and North Chinese (C) populations The black arrows indicate the locations of the lateral nasal margins; red arrows indicate locations of the subnasal fossae, and locations of the transitional region between the nasoalveolar clivus and nasal cavity

图5 鼻前棘在美国白人(A)、非洲人(B)、华北人(C) 标本表现

Fig.5 Form of the anterior nasal spine in American Caucasian (A), African Negro (B) and North Chinese (C) populations

表2 中国不同地区、时代人群鼻指数

Tab.2 Nasal indices of human populations from different geographical regions and time periods in China

性别sex	时代time period	华北NC		东北内蒙NE & IM		西北NW		新疆Xin		华南SC		西南SW
性别sex	时代time period	均值_n	组数n	均值_n	组数n	均值_n	组数n	均值_n	组数n	均值_n	组数n	均值_n	组数n
男male	新石器	50.63	20	49.90	1	49.00	7			52.97	11	53.74	1
男male	青铜	51.45	10	49.75	4	48.94	8	48.64	5	50.60	1	53.46	1
	东周秦汉	49.71	15	48.13	19	49.67	7	47.21	4			53.03	3
	秦汉以后	50.37	7	49.34	2
	合计	50.49	52	48.54	26	49.19	22	48.00	9	52.77	12	53.26	5
女female	新石器	51.26	12	54.77	1	51.66	4			54.01	10	56.70	1
女female	青铜	52.67	8	51.50	3	51.18	8	50.28	4
	东周秦汉	52.39	8	50.73	13	52.54	6	47.95	4			51.27	3
	秦汉以后	51.01	7	50.47	1
	合计	51.79	35	51.07	18	51.74	18	49.12	8	54.01	10	52.63	4

参考文献 35

[1]	White T. Human Osteology[M]. New York: Academic Press, 2000, 1-563
[2]	Weidenreich F. The Skull of Sinanthropus pekinensis: A Comparative Study of A Primitive Hominid Skull[M]. Palaeontologica Sinica N.S. D10, The Geological Survey of China, 1943, 1-484
[3]	Gower CD. A contribution to the morphology of the apertura piriformis[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1923, 6:26-36
[4]	Franciscus R, Trinkaus E. Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1988, 75:517-527 pmid: 3133950
[5]	McCollum MA, Grine FE, Ward SC, et al. Subnasal morphological variation in extant hominoids and fossil hominids[J]. J Hum Evol, 1993, 24: 87-111 doi: 10.1006/jhev.1993.1009 URL
[6]	McCollum M. Subnasal Morphological variation in fossil hominids: a reassessment based on new observations and recent developmental findings[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2000, 112: 275-283 pmid: 10813707
[7]	Cathy Ngọc Hân Tran, Schroeder L. Common evolutionary patterns in the human nasal region across a worldwide sample[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2021, 176: 422-433 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.v176.3 URL
[8]	Hubbe M, Hanihara T, Harvati K. Climate signatures in the morphological differentiation of worldwide modern human populations[J]. Anatomical Record, 2009, 292: 1720-1733 doi: 10.1002/ar.v292:11 URL
[9]	Noback ML, Harvati K, Spoor F. Climate-related variation of the human nasal cavity[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011, 145: 599-614 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21523 pmid: 21660932
[10]	Butaric LN, Klocke RP. Nasal variation in relation to highaltitude adaptations among Tibetans and Andeans[J]. American Journal of Human Biology, 2018, 30: 1-14
[11]	McCollum MA, Ward SC. Subnasoalveolar anatomy and hominoid phylogeny: evidence from comparative ontogeny[J]. Am J Phys Anthropol, 1997, 102: 377-405 pmid: 9098506
[12]	McCollum MA. The robust australopithecine face: morphogenetic perspective[J]. Science, 1999, 284: 301-305 pmid: 10195892
[13]	Schwartz JH, Pantoja-Pérez A, Arsuaga JJ. The nasal region of the -417 ka Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) Hominin: New terminology and implications for later human evolution[J]. The Anatomic Record, 2022, 305:1991-2029 doi: 10.1002/ar.v305.8 URL
[14]	邵象清. 人体测量手册[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 1985, 1-492
[15]	Wu Xiujie, Maddx S, Panlei, et al. Nasal floor variation among eastern Eurasian Pleistocene Homo[J]. Anthropological Science, 2012, 120: 217-226 doi: 10.1537/ase.120709 URL
[16]	von Cramon-Taubadel N. Evolutionary insights into global patterns of human cranial diversity: Population history, climatic and dietary effects[J]. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2014, 92: 43-77 doi: 10.4436/jass.91010 pmid: 24038629
[17]	Carey JW, Steegmann AT. Human nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1981, 56: 313-319 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330560312 pmid: 7325224
[18]	Roseman CC. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101: 12824-12829 pmid: 15326305
[19]	Franciscus RG, Long JC. Variation in human nasal height and breadth[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1991, 85: 419-427 pmid: 1928315
[20]	Yokley TR. Ecogeographic variation in human nasal passages[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 138: 11-22 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20893 pmid: 18623075
[21]	Evteev A, Cardini AL, Morozova I, et al. Extreme climate, rather than population history, explains mid-facial morphology of northern Asians[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2014, 153: 449-462 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22444 pmid: 24374801
[22]	Fukase H, Ito T, Ishida H. Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications[J]. American Journal of Human Biology, 2016, 28: 342-351
[23]	Maddux SD, Yokley TR, Svoma BM, et al. Absolute humidity and the human nose: A reanalysis of climate zones and their influence on nasal form and function[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2016, 161: 309-320 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23032 pmid: 27374937
[24]	Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, et al. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation[J]. PLoS Genetics, 2017, 13: e1006616
[25]	颜誾, 吴新智, 刘昌芝, 等. 西安半坡人骨的研究[J]. 考古, 1960, 9: 36-47
[26]	颜誾, 吴新智, 顾玉珉. 宝鸡新石器时代人骨的研究报告[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1960, 2: 33-43
[27]	Black D. The human skeletal remains form the Sh-kuo-T’un cave deposit in composition with those from Yang-shao-Tsun and with recent North China skeletal material[J]. Palaent. Sinica, Ser. D, 1925, 1: 38-102
[28]	Black D. A stydy of Kansu and Honan Aeneolithic skulls and specimens form lower Kansu prehistoric sites in comparison with North China and other recent crania[J]. Palaent. Sinica, Ser. D, 1928, 4: 1-83
[29]	陈德珍. 中国新石器时代居民体质类型及其承继关系[J]. 人类学学报, 1986, 5: 114-127
[30]	潘其风, 韩康信. 我国新石器时代居民种系分布研究[J]. 考古与文物, 1980, 2: 84-89
[31]	张振标, 王令红, 欧阳莲. 中国新石器时代居民体征类型初探[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1982, 20: 72-80
[32]	朱泓. 中原地区的古代种族[A]. 见:吉林大学边疆考古研究中心(编).庆祝张忠培先生七十岁论文集[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004, 549-557
[33]	朱泓. 中国南方地区的古代种族[J]. 吉林大学社会科学学报, 2002, 3: 5-12
[34]	朱泓. 中国西北地区的古代种族[J]. 考古与文物, 2006, 5: 60-65
[35]	吴秀杰, 刘武, 张全超, 等. 中国北方全新世人群头面部形态特征的微观演化[J]. 科学通报, 2007, 52: 192-198