泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址2013年发掘简报

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0074

人类学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (01): 143-156.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0074

泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址2013年发掘简报

王法岗¹(), 杨石霞²(), 葛俊逸²^,³, 岳健平², 赵克良²^,³, Andreu Ollé⁴, 李文艳¹, 杨海勇⁵, 刘连强¹, 关莹², 谢飞¹, Francesco d’Errico⁶, Michael Petraglia⁷, 邓成龙⁸

1.河北省文物考古研究院，石家庄 050031
2.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，北京 100044
3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
4.Institut Català de Palaeoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain, 43007
5.蔚州博物馆，蔚县 075799
6.PACEA UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac, France, 33000
7.Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Qld, 4111
8.岩石圈演化国家重点实验室，中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所，北京 100029

收稿日期:2023-06-16 出版日期:2024-02-15 发布日期:2024-02-06
通讯作者: 杨石霞，副研究员, 主要从事旧石器时代考古学和人类行为演化研究。E-mail: yangshixia@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:王法岗，研究馆员，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: 120835216@qq.com
基金资助:
自然科学基金项目(41888101);自然科学基金项目(42177424);国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1521500);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院青年促进会(2020074);中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所重点部署项目(IGGCAS-201905)

A report of 2013 excavation of the Xiamabei site in the Nihewan Basin

WANG Fagang¹(), YANG Shixia²(), GE Junyi²^,³, YUE Jianping², ZHAO Keliang²^,³, Andreu Ollé⁴, LI Wenyan¹, YANG Haiyong⁵, LIU Lianqiang¹, GUAN Ying², XIE Fei¹, Francesco d’Errico⁶, Michael Petraglia⁷, DENG Chenglong⁸

1. Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, Shijiazhuang 050031
2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
3. University of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
4. Institut Català de Palaeoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain, 43007
5. Museum of Yuzhou, Yuxian 075799
6. PACEA UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac, France, 33000
7. Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Qld 4111
8. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029

Received:2023-06-16 Online:2024-02-15 Published:2024-02-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

下马碑遗址位于广义泥河湾盆地南部的蔚县盆地中东部，是坐落于壶流河二级阶地上的一处旷野遗址。2013年，河北省文物考古研究院对该遗址进行了考古发掘，揭露出丰富的遗物和遗迹现象；2018年起，国内外多家单位共同完成了遗址地层年代、埋藏过程、古环境和出土文化遗存的系统性多学科研究工作。该遗址发掘揭露面积12 m²，地层剖面深度约为290 cm，自上而下分为7个地层单位，其中第6层为原地埋藏的主文化层，基于光释光与¹⁴C测年并经贝叶斯模型计算为距今4.1~3.9万年。本文对下马碑第6层出土的各类遗物与遗迹进行系统报道，主要包括382件石制品、445件动物化石碎片、1件骨器和1套赭石颜料加工遗存，以及1处火塘。该遗址的发现与研究再现了距今4万年前东亚早期现代人加工、使用赭石颜料和复合工具的生活图景，更新了国际学术界对东亚早期现代人行为适应的认识。

关键词: 泥河湾盆地, 下马碑遗址, 装柄, 赭石, 早期现代人

Abstract:

The Xiamabei Paleolithic site is located on the second terrace of the Huliu River, in the southeast edge of the Yuxian Basin, a part of the Nihewan Basin. In 2013, archaeologists from the Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology carried out excavations at the site, uncovering a wealth of cultural remains. Since 2018, several institutions at home and abroad have jointly conducted systematic and multidisciplinary research on the stratigraphy, chronology, taphonomic process, paleoenvironment and cultural remains of Xiamabei. The excavation uncovered an area of 12 m², with a depth of about 290 cm. The stratigraphy encompasses seven main layers in a floodplain environment. Layer 6, the main cultural horizon, is dated approximately 41-39 ka by AMS ¹⁴C and optically stimulated luminescence. Here we report the results of archaeological findings from Layer 6 of Xiamabei, mainly including 382 stone artifacts, 445 animal bones, a single bone tool, a charcoal-rich hearth and evidence for ochre use and processing. A variety of scientific methods were used to identify the ochre and the sediment staining, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro Raman spectroscopy (MR), micro-X-ray fluorescence (Micro-XRF), mineral magnetism (MM), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Among them, mineral magnetism (MM) was, for the first time, applied on the anthropogenic ochre. With respect to the study of the stone tools, we conducted technological, microscopic use-wear and residue studies. The results indicated that stone tool manufacture was aimed towards production of small items, including blade-like forms with these miniaturized pieces hafted. The interdisciplinary research on the Xiamabei site provide us a vivid picture of hunter-gathers’ lifestyle 40,000 years ago in North China. People were living in a cool, steppe-like environment, and at Xiamabei they conducted activities around a warm campfire, grinding ochre powder for economic purposes, hafting blade-like stone tools to conduct a variety of tasks including hide and plant processing, and mostly likely, sharing food, including meat that they hunted. The Xiamabei site possesses a novel set of cultural characteristics, such as the earliest evidence of ochre processing, a unique miniaturized lithic technology with bladelet-like forms and hafted items. Located at the transition zone between the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the North China Plain, the site offers important new insights into the expansion of H. sapiens along the northern route.

Key words: Nihewan Basin, Xiamabei site, hafting, ochre, early modern humans

中图分类号:

K871.11

王法岗, 杨石霞, 葛俊逸, 岳健平, 赵克良, Andreu Ollé, 李文艳, 杨海勇, 刘连强, 关莹, 谢飞, Francesco d’Errico, Michael Petraglia, 邓成龙. 泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址2013年发掘简报[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(01): 143-156.

WANG Fagang, YANG Shixia, GE Junyi, YUE Jianping, ZHAO Keliang, Andreu Ollé, LI Wenyan, YANG Haiyong, LIU Lianqiang, GUAN Ying, XIE Fei, Francesco d’Errico, Michael Petraglia, DENG Chenglong. A report of 2013 excavation of the Xiamabei site in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(01): 143-156.

图/表 10

图1 泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址 a-b. 遗址地理位置Location of the site；c.遗址周边地貌景观（红框为遗址发掘区） Landscape around the site (excavated area marked by red box)；d. 遗址发掘剖面Excavated section

Fig.1 The Xiamabei site of the Nihewan Basin

图2 下马碑遗址地层剖面及年代模型(修改自[6])

Fig.2 Stratigraphic sections and chronology of the Xiamabei site(modified from[6])

图3 出土化石全貌和人工切割痕明显标本 a.下马碑出土动物化石全貌Faunal remains from Xiamabei；b. 碎骨(13XMB: 848) 及表面切割痕Cutmark on a bone fragment (13XMB: 848) with microscopic views；c. 碎骨(13XMB: 776) 及表面切割痕Cutmark on a bone fragment (13XMB: 776) with microscopic views

Fig.3 Faunal remains from Xiamabei and bone fragments with cut marks

表1 两类打制技术产品的数量及尺寸信息

Tab.1 Basic information of products of the two reduction techniques

技术体系Technological System	类型Main categories	数量n	占比Percentage	长Length(mm)		宽Width(mm)		厚Thickness(mm)
技术体系Technological System	类型Main categories	数量n	占比Percentage	<L>	σ_L	<b>	σ_b	<d>	σ_d
锤击Freehand Hard Hammer Percussion (FHHP)	Core	5	2.7%	36.65	20.71	34.21	12.38	20.49	6.95
	Flake	36	18.92%	21.41	7.89	21.40	7.18	5.85	3.23
	Flake frag.	16	8.65%	19.30	7.35	17.45	5.42	5.22	2.11
砸击Bipolar Percussion (BP)	Core	24	12.97%	30.27	7.25	20.89	5.58	13.77	13.77
砸击Bipolar Percussion (BP)	Splinter	105	56.76%	21.11	5.45	13.59	5.56	6.0	3.18

图4 下马碑遗址第6层出土石制品 1-6. 锤击技术石核和石片Freehand Hard Hammer Percussion (FHHP) cores and flakes。b.7-14为砸击石片（或裂片）Bipolar splinters；15-20为砸击石核Bipolar cores；21. 石砧（右侧红框为局部放大的砸击痕迹）Anvil bearing a battered surface

Fig.4 Stone artifacts excavated from Layer 6 of the Xiamabei site

图5 修理痕迹明显的石器

Fig.5 Retouched tools 1: 13XMB-805; 2: 13XMB-156; 3: 13XMB-870

图6 细小石片附着骨柄残留 1. 13XMB-129，超景深显微镜拍摄的骨柄残留(3D DM)mosaic of the ventral face showing the location of the bone (3D DM); 2-3. 残留骨柄细节(3D DM, SEM-LFD and SEM BSD respectively)Detail of the bone imprint (3D DM, SEM-LFD and SEM BSD respectively); 4. 残留骨柄的能谱结果EDX spectrum from the bone; 5-7. 出现在两侧近端的植物纤维印痕Plant fiber imprints, present on both edges at the proximal end, associated with some ochre particles

Fig.6 Bladelet-like chert piece with a bone fragment attached

图7 赤铁矿加工遗存(修改自[6]) a. 完整遗存出土情况Quartzite cobble, limestone slab and ochre piece identified during the excavation；b. 研磨石砧及其下部染红的沉积物Limestone slab laying on an intense red-stained sediment patch；c. 较大赤铁矿碎块(OP1)Ochrepiece modified by grinding (OP1)；d. 较小赤铁矿碎块(OP2)Ochre fragment probably resulting from crushing a larger ochre piece (OP2)；e. 研磨石砧Limestone slab showing ochre staining；f. 研磨石锤Quartzite cobble

Fig.7 Artifacts laying on the red-stained sediment patch(modified from[6])

图8 下马碑出土骨器(修改自[6]) a.器物表面完整视图Periosteal view of the shaft；b.远端区域的特征放大：微片状，磨平和擦痕Close-up view of the distal area showing microflake scars, smoothing and striations；c.另一侧边缘修整痕迹Scraping regularizing the edge close to the opposite end

Fig.8 Bone tool from Layer 6 of Xiamabei (modified from[6])

图9 下马碑遗址第6层活动面复原(修改自[6])

Fig.9 Archaeological site distributions ( modified from [6])

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泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址2013年发掘简报

A report of 2013 excavation of the Xiamabei site in the Nihewan Basin

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