泥河湾盆地旧石器时代人类活动与环境关系的研究进展

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

泥河湾盆地是中国北方旧石器时代古人类遗存数量最多、分布最密集、年代序列最为完整的区域。本文根据已公开发表的泥河湾盆地阳原和蔚县地区65处旧石器遗址的相关数据和信息，探讨了更新世不同时期泥河湾盆地古人类活动与环境变化之间的关系。研究结果显示：1）早更新世时期遗址主要分布在岑家湾台地北部边缘区，年代在1.8-1.0 MaBP；中更新世之后，遗址分布范围明显扩大，晚更新世时期，遗址分布模式改为集中分布于河流两岸阶地。2）在早-中更新世，80%以上遗址处在低地球轨道偏心率期，70%以上处在温暖的间冰期。3）遗址的植被多为以蒿属、藜科占优的草原或森林草原。4）晚更新世时期，随着古人类环境适应能力的提高、石器技术的进步和火的使用，在寒冷的冰期时段，古人类也可以在泥河湾盆地很好的生存。

关键词: 泥河湾盆地, 旧石器时代, 人类活动, 环境特征

Abstract:

The Nihewan Basin in northern China has the largest number, densest distribution and most complete chronological sequence of Paleolithic hominid remains, and as such is an ideal region for the research on Paleolithic hominins and environment. Based on published data of 65 Paleolithic sites (groups) in the Yangyuan and Yuxian basins of the Nihewan, this paper discusses the relationship between Paleolithic hominid activities and environmental changes during Pleistocene. The results are as follows. 1. Sites of early Pleistocene mainly appeared 1.8 to 1.0 Ma BP, and were distributed in the northern margin area of the Cenjiawan platform. In the Middle Pleistocene (i.e., after 0.78 Ma BP), with reduction of the paleolake, the range of hominid sites expanded significantly from the Early Pleistocen. These sites were distributed not only in the southern margin of the Cenjiawan platform and the Yuxian basin, but also in the other margins of the ancient lake, such as the central and western parts of the Yangyuan basin. In the Late Pleistocene (i.e., after 0.126 Ma BP), the range of hominid sites further expanded, but with the gradual disappearance of the Nihewan paleolake and the formation of the Sanggan and Huliu rivers, the distribution pattern of sites changed to concentrate on the river terraces reflecting a dependence on water sources. 2. More than 80% of Early-Middle Pleistocene hominid sites correspond to the low Earth Orbit Eccentricity, and more than 70% sites correspond to the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) interglacial stage, which showed that the climate was relatively warm and with small fluctuations; suitable climate conditions for hominins. 3. During periods of hominin occupation, plant types are mostly steppe dominated by Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, or forest-steppe dominated by Pinus, mixed with some broad-leaf tree species such as Betula, Ulmus and Quercus. The overall biodiversity was high, which provided not only rich food sources but also relatively wide spaces for hominin occupation. 4. In the Late Pleistocene, advances in stone technology and the use of fire, humans began to appear in later cold glacial periods.

Key words: Nihewan Basin, Paleolithic, Hominid activities, Environmental characteristics

中图分类号:

张振, 王莹, 李月丛. 泥河湾盆地旧石器时代人类活动与环境关系的研究进展[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(01): 184-198.

ZHANG Zhen, WANG Ying, LI Yuecong. Research progress on the relationship between Paleolithic hominid activities and environmental changes in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(01): 184-198.

图/表 4

图1 泥河湾盆地的位置及更新世各期旧石器遗址的分布 a)泥河湾盆地地理位置Geographical position of the Nihewan Basin; b)早更新世遗址Early Pleistocene sites: 1.马圈沟第1-第3文化层Cultural Layers 1-3 of Majuangou, 2.半山Banshan,小长梁Xiaochangliang, 4.大长梁Dachangliang, 5.葡萄园Putaoyuan, 6.广梁Guangliang, 7.兰坡Lanpo, 8.照坡Zhaopo, 9.山神庙咀Shanshenmiaozui, 10.麻地沟Madigou, 11.霍家地Huojiadi, 12.飞梁Feiliang, 13.东谷坨Donggutuo, 14.岑家湾Cenjiawan, 15. 970529, 16.庙梁沟Miaolianggou, 17.南山边Nanshanbian, 18.南山根Nanshangen, 19.石沟Shigou, 20.许家坡Xujiapo, 21.后石山Houshishan; c)中更新世地点Mid-Pleistocene sites: 1.东坡Dongpo, 2.皮裤裆Pikudang, 3.雀儿沟Queergou, 4.后沟Hougou, 5.三棵树Sankeshu, 6.马梁Maliang, 7.摩天岭Motianling, 8.山兑Shandui, 9. 狼窝沟Langwogou, 10.白土梁Baituliang, 11.武家梁Wujialiang, 12.武家沟Wujiagou, 13.许家窑Xujiayao, 14.侯家窑Houjiayao, 15.禾尧庄Heyaozhuang, 16.漫流堡Manliubu, 17.吉家庄Jijiazhuang, 18.蔡家沟Caijiagou, 19.陷马沟Xianmagou; d)晚更新世地点Late Pleistocene sites: 1.新庙庄Xinmiaozhuang, 2.板井子Banjingzi, 3.二道梁Erdaoliang, 4.西白马营Xibaimaying, 5.梅沟Meigou, 6.苇地坡Weidipo, 7.马鞍山Maanshan, 8.虎头梁Hutouliang; 9.南沟Nangou, 10.大西梁西沟Daxiliangxigou, 11.大底园Dadiyuan, 12.籍箕滩Jijitan, 13.槽村Caocun, 14.平顶村Pingdingcun, 15.保伸观Baoshenguan, 16.马家窑Majiayao, 17.西沟Xigou, 18.油房Youfang, 19.油房北Youfangbei, 20.火石沟Huoshigou, 21.小水梁Xiaoshuiliang, 22.益堵泉Yiduquan, 23.下马碑Xiamabei, 24.横涧Hengjian, 25.范家堡Fanjiabu （底图来源为 https://wayback.maptiles.arcgis.com）

Fig.1 Geographical location and distribution of the Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin

图2 泥河湾盆地更新世露头及其古人类遗存分布综合剖面图（修改自[28]）

Fig.2 Synthetic profile of the Quaternary deposit and the distribution of Paleolithic sites(Modified from [28])

图3 泥河湾盆地更新世区域地貌重建及遗址分布示意图（修改自[70]） a.早更新世Early Pleistocene; b.中更新世Middle Pleistocene; c.晚更新世Late Pleistocene

Fig.3 Pleistocene geomorphic reconstruction and Paleolithic sites distribution in Nihewan Basin （Modified from [70]）

图4 泥河湾盆地主要遗址与地球轨道偏心率和全球深海氧同位素记录对比[75-76] 浅黄色阴影表示地球轨道偏心率较低时期Light yellow shadows indicate periods of low eccentricity in Earth’s orbit

Fig.4 Comparison of major sites in the Nihewan Basin with the Earth Orbit Eccentricity and the Marine Isotope Stage records

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