细石叶技术的起源、二元分化及环境驱动因素

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0038

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在亚洲东北部地区，细石叶技术是旧石器时代晚期人类适应气候和环境的最关键因素之一。学术界围绕细石叶技术产生很多讨论，其中起源、技术演变及技术类型的区域分布是被关注的几个关键问题。细石叶技术可分为初始、成熟、简约几个技术发展阶段，压制法的运用是细石叶技术成熟的关键，细小化的特点决定了各类细石叶使用功能上的区别并不显著。因而在实践层面上，细石叶技术的判定应重视石核和产品形态、技术生产流程、产品的使用意义、强调剥片策略分析，不应限定细石叶的剥制方法。末次盛冰期时，华北地区与中国东北地区、俄罗斯远东、日本北部等所构成的“北方区域”形成分别以船形石核、两面预制的楔形石核为主的二元分化格局，虽然出现过文化上的交叉融合，但是两个区存在以宽、窄楔形石核为主的现象，二元状态没有从根本上发生改变。细石叶技术的起源、成熟、分化与H3、H2、末次盛冰期几次冷事件间有较好的耦合关系，显示出环境驱动力仍然是导致史前人类生存策略变化的关键因素。

关键词: 细石叶, 起源, 船形石核, 楔形石核, 环境驱动力

Abstract:

During the Upper Paleolithic age, the anatomically modern human survived the extreme climatic conditions including the Heinrich event and the Last Glacial Maximum, and colonized all the continents except Antarctica, which displayed strong adaptability. In Northeast Asia, microblade technology emerged as a pivotal factor in human adaptation to climate and environment during the Upper Paleolithic period. Microblade technology has garnered widespread attention and sparked a considerable amount of discussion and debates. Among the academic research on microblade technology, its origins, technological changes, and regional distribution of different technology types are the most critical issues. The development of microblade technology can be divided into three stages: initial, developed and simple. Diverse interpretations of the concept and essence of microblade technology led to varied perspectives regarding its origins. If pressure flaking is a fundamental element of microblade technology, it may result in the potential omission of early-stage products because practically it is impossible to accurately identify each pressure product. In contrast, the utilization of pressure flaking is a crucial factor in the developed stage of microblade technology. Although the standardizations of microblades of different stages are not the same, their features of microlithization determine that their function and use, possibly in composite tools, are similar. Consequently, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of microblade technology and its evolutionary trajectory, the research of microblade technology should focus on the form of microcores and microblades, the technology process, the usage of microblades and the analysis of reduction strategies. The microblade technology showed a distinct dichotomous pattern during the last glacial maximum (LGM). While bifacially prepared wedge-shaped cores were prevalent in the “northern area” mainly formed by northeastern China, the Russian Far East and northern Japan, boat-shaped cores dominated North China. After the LGM, the improvement of climatic conditions led to the cultural integration between the two regions, but distinct traditions still existed, i.e., narrow wedge-shaped microcores continued dominating the “northern area” and wide ones remained popular in North China. The origin, development and division of microblade technology show significant correlations with cold events such as H3, H2 and LGM, indicating that climatic and environmental factors played critical roles in the change of adaptive strategies of prehistoric humans. The varying distribution patterns of microblade technology in different regions highlight the influence of local environmental conditions and cultural interactions on technological innovation. The persistence of distinct traditions even after cultural integration underscores the enduring impact of historical and geographical factors on the development and transmission of microblade technology.

Key words: microblade, origin, boat-shaped core, wedge-shaped core, environmental drivers

中图分类号:

K871

仪明洁, 曹彧. 细石叶技术的起源、二元分化及环境驱动因素[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(03): 355-366.

YI Mingjie, CAO Yu. A discussion on the origin, dichotomous pattern of microblade technology and the environmental drivers[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(03): 355-366.

图/表 5

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遗址名称Site	遗物类型Material	年代数据Uncalibrated (BP)	校正后数据Calibrated(cal BP)	测年方法Dating method	年代文献Reference
西山头Xishantou	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、尖状器、刮削器	23680±170	28296~27432	¹⁴C	^[21]
西山头Xishantou	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、尖状器、刮削器	23610±80	27895~27648	¹⁴C	^[21]
西沙河Xishanhe	石核、石片、细石器、端刮器等	22680±80	27251~26480	¹⁴C	^[22]
		22800±90	27314~26965
		22690±90	27260~26481
		23070±90	27611~27209
柿子滩S29 Shizitan Locality S29	石叶、细石器、研磨器、端刮器等	21690±80	26230~25800	¹⁴C	^[23]
		20010±70	24212~23840
		19650±80	23842~23360
下川xiachuan	细石器、研磨器、雕刻器、锛状器、石镞等		27000~25000	¹⁴C	^[10]
龙王辿Longwangchan	细石器、研磨器、工具类及装饰品	24145±55	28617~28007	¹⁴C	^[11]
龙王辿Longwangchan	细石器、研磨器、工具类及装饰品	22230±55	26890~26322	¹⁴C	^[11]
油房Youfang	石叶、细石器、端刮器、尖状器等	距今2.6~2.7万年		OSL	^[12]
西施Xishi	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、工具等	距今约2.5万年		OSL	^[13]
二道梁Erdaoliang	细石器、工具、磨制骨锥	18085±235	22482~21300	¹⁴C	^[24]
林富Linfu	细石器、雕刻器、端刮器	17192±70	20908~20549	¹⁴C	^[25]
桃山Taoshan	细石器、斧形器、锛状器等	12580±50	15161~14566	¹⁴C	^[26]
桃山Taoshan	细石器、斧形器、锛状器等	13990±50	17310~16830	¹⁴C	^[26]
籍箕滩Jijitan	细石器、锛状器、石矛头等	13000~16000		¹⁴C、OSL	^[27]
于家沟Yujiagou	细石器、研磨器、石矛头、锛状器、尖状器、研磨器、磨光石斧等	12170±50	14305~13859	¹⁴C	^[28]
于家沟Yujiagou	细石器、研磨器、石矛头、锛状器、尖状器、研磨器、磨光石斧等	13020±40	15758~15401	¹⁴C	^[28]
柿子滩S9 Shizitan Locality S9	细石器、端刮器、刮削器等		12700~11600	¹⁴C	^[29]
水洞沟12地点Shuidonggou Locality 12	细石器、研磨器、磨光石斧、骨器	9240±30	10508~10264	¹⁴C	^[30]

遗址名称Site	遗物类型Material	年代数据Uncalibrated (BP)	校正后数据Calibrated(cal BP)	测年方法Dating method	年代文献Reference
西山头Xishantou	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、尖状器、刮削器	23680±170	28296~27432	¹⁴C	^[21]
西山头Xishantou	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、尖状器、刮削器	23610±80	27895~27648	¹⁴C	^[21]
西沙河Xishanhe	石核、石片、细石器、端刮器等	22680±80	27251~26480	¹⁴C	^[22]
		22800±90	27314~26965
		22690±90	27260~26481
		23070±90	27611~27209
柿子滩S29 Shizitan Locality S29	石叶、细石器、研磨器、端刮器等	21690±80	26230~25800	¹⁴C	^[23]
		20010±70	24212~23840
		19650±80	23842~23360
下川xiachuan	细石器、研磨器、雕刻器、锛状器、石镞等		27000~25000	¹⁴C	^[10]
龙王辿Longwangchan	细石器、研磨器、工具类及装饰品	24145±55	28617~28007	¹⁴C	^[11]
龙王辿Longwangchan	细石器、研磨器、工具类及装饰品	22230±55	26890~26322	¹⁴C	^[11]
油房Youfang	石叶、细石器、端刮器、尖状器等	距今2.6~2.7万年		OSL	^[12]
西施Xishi	石叶石核、石叶、细石器、工具等	距今约2.5万年		OSL	^[13]
二道梁Erdaoliang	细石器、工具、磨制骨锥	18085±235	22482~21300	¹⁴C	^[24]
林富Linfu	细石器、雕刻器、端刮器	17192±70	20908~20549	¹⁴C	^[25]
桃山Taoshan	细石器、斧形器、锛状器等	12580±50	15161~14566	¹⁴C	^[26]
桃山Taoshan	细石器、斧形器、锛状器等	13990±50	17310~16830	¹⁴C	^[26]
籍箕滩Jijitan	细石器、锛状器、石矛头等	13000~16000		¹⁴C、OSL	^[27]
于家沟Yujiagou	细石器、研磨器、石矛头、锛状器、尖状器、研磨器、磨光石斧等	12170±50	14305~13859	¹⁴C	^[28]
于家沟Yujiagou	细石器、研磨器、石矛头、锛状器、尖状器、研磨器、磨光石斧等	13020±40	15758~15401	¹⁴C	^[28]
柿子滩S9 Shizitan Locality S9	细石器、端刮器、刮削器等		12700~11600	¹⁴C	^[29]
水洞沟12地点Shuidonggou Locality 12	细石器、研磨器、磨光石斧、骨器	9240±30	10508~10264	¹⁴C	^[30]