日本旧石器晚期石器技术起源的新考古学与人类学证据

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0043

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对日本旧石器时代晚期开端的探讨主要通过两种模式展开，即列岛内旧石器时代中期演化模式和大陆旧石器时代晚期扩散或迁徙模式，然而，最近来自日本和周边国家的考古学证据正对这种简单的模式提出挑战。本文批判性地回顾了包括可能存在的早中期在内的日本旧石器时代已有年代序列，并尝试展示有关日本旧石器时代晚期开端的另一种模式。本文列举了一些可能属于旧石器时代早中期的发现，并建议进一步开展地质考古研究，以了解其可信度以及与旧石器时代晚期早段（EUP）之间的文化关系。目前，日本EUP的开端以距今约3.9-3.7万年前古本州岛具有台形石器和锯齿刃器的石片工业为特征。尽管台形石器仅流行于日本EUP阶段，并且可能源自岛内更早的石器传统，但这一石器工业也在一定程度上显示出与同时期中国和朝鲜半岛石器组合的相似之处。石叶技术最早出现于古本州岛中部，比最早的石片技术晚了约1000年。虽然石叶技术可能起源于前一时期的长石片技术，但突然性的同时出现也可能意味着这一技术由朝鲜半岛扩散而来。本文认为，由于区域适应策略的不同，源自朝鲜半岛的石叶技术进入到古本州岛东北部，包括本州西部的日本海沿岸地区，而不是石片技术长期盛行的西南地区。

关键词: 日本列岛, 旧石器时代晚期早段, 迁徙路线, 台形石器, 锯齿刃器, 石叶技术

Abstract:

The beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic has mainly been examined using two major models: the Middle Paleolithic evolutionary model within the archipelago and the continental Upper Paleolithic diffusion/migration model. However, recent archeological data from Japan and nearby countries are challenging such simple models. This paper critically reviews previous chronology of the Japanese Paleolithic, including possible Lower and Middle Paleolithic (LP/MP), and attempts to show an alternative model of the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic. This paper suggests several possible specimens of LP/MP and recommends further geoarchaeological investigation to understand the reliability and cultural relationship between possible LP/MP specimens and the Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP). The start of the Japanese EUP is presently characterized by a flake industry with trapezoids and denticulates around 39-37 kaBP cal on Paleo-Honshu Island, which has partial resemblance with contemporary assemblages in China and the Korean Peninsula, although trapezoids are endemic only to the Japanese EUP and may have derived from the ancestral lithic tradition. Blade technology appeared earliest on Central Paleo-Honshu Island, about 1000 years later than the earliest flake technology. Although blade technology may have originated from the elongated flake technology of the previous period, the sudden simultaneous emergence implies that it diffused from the Korean Peninsula. This paper proposes that blade technology from the Korean Peninsula arrived on the northeastern Paleo-Honshu Island, including the Japan Sea coastal region of western Honshu, rather than the southwest, where flake technology long prospered, due to differences in ecological settings and adaptation strategies between the two regions.

Key words: Japanese Archipelago, Early Upper Paleolithic, migration route, trapezoid, denticulate, blade technology

中图分类号:

K871.11

Hiroyuki SATO, Kazuki MORISAKI. 日本旧石器晚期石器技术起源的新考古学与人类学证据[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(03): 470-487.

Hiroyuki SATO, Kazuki MORISAKI. On the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic: A review of recent archaeological and anthropological evidence[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(03): 470-487.

图/表 7

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Site	Chronology	Research method	Estimated age (ka)	Geochronology and radiometric date	Location
Kaseizawa	LP	construction	>200?		Fig.1-1
Sunabara cl.1	early MP	excavation	120	paleo-soil (MIS5e)	Fig.1-2
Sunabara cl.2	early MP	excavation	110	SK* (110ka); (MIS5d)
Iriguchi layer 4	early MP	excavation	100	103±23ka (IRSL)	Fig.1-3
Iriguchi layer 3b	early MP	excavation	100-85	90±11ka (IRSL); L.3: Aso-4* (85-90ka)
Kanedori cl.4	early MP	excavation	90-50	Aso-4; 56±21ka (TL)	Fig.1-4
Kashiyamatate layer 4a	early MP	excavation	90-40	Aso-4	Fig.1-5
Ushiromuta cl.5	early MP	excavation	90-60	Aso-4; A-IW (60ka); 35.5±4 (TL)	Fig.1-6
Sozudai	early MP	excavation	110-80(50)	Kj-P1(50ka); K-Tz(95ka); Kj-Sm(110ka)	Fig.1-7
Fujiyama	Late MP	surface collection	55->50	just before Ag-UP (unknown), but after DKP (55ka)	Fig.1-8
Kiribara	Late MP	surface collection	55-50	between Ag-UP/Hr-HP (50ka)	Fig.1-9
Gongenyama 1	Late MP	surface collection	55-50	between Ag-UP/Hr-HP	Fig.1-10
Kanedori cl.3	Late MP	excavation	50-(40)	46,480±710 Cyr BP (AMS); 31±6ka, 50±10ka(TL)	Fig.1-4
Kashiyamatate layer 2c	Late MP	excavation	50-33	involution	Fig.1-5
Ono lowest	Late MP	excavation	70-55	69.3±13.9 (OSL)	Fig.1-11
Hoshino Tankenkan	MP-UP	surface collection	>45	before Ag-KP (45ka)	Fig.1-12
Gongenyama 2	MP-UP	surface collection	50-45	between Hr-HP/Ag-KP	Fig.1-10
Ushiromuta cl.4	MP-UP	excavation	45-40	just before Kr-Iw (40ka)	Fig.1-6
Nutabura cl.1	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology; before AT(30ka)	Fig.1-13
Takesa-Nakahara A-C	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology; before AT(30ka)	Fig.1-14
Kamishitada cl.2	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology	Fig.1-15
Rubenosawa	MP	excavation	?	techno-typology	Fig.1-16

Site	Chronology	Research method	Estimated age (ka)	Geochronology and radiometric date	Location
Kaseizawa	LP	construction	>200?		Fig.1-1
Sunabara cl.1	early MP	excavation	120	paleo-soil (MIS5e)	Fig.1-2
Sunabara cl.2	early MP	excavation	110	SK* (110ka); (MIS5d)
Iriguchi layer 4	early MP	excavation	100	103±23ka (IRSL)	Fig.1-3
Iriguchi layer 3b	early MP	excavation	100-85	90±11ka (IRSL); L.3: Aso-4* (85-90ka)
Kanedori cl.4	early MP	excavation	90-50	Aso-4; 56±21ka (TL)	Fig.1-4
Kashiyamatate layer 4a	early MP	excavation	90-40	Aso-4	Fig.1-5
Ushiromuta cl.5	early MP	excavation	90-60	Aso-4; A-IW (60ka); 35.5±4 (TL)	Fig.1-6
Sozudai	early MP	excavation	110-80(50)	Kj-P1(50ka); K-Tz(95ka); Kj-Sm(110ka)	Fig.1-7
Fujiyama	Late MP	surface collection	55->50	just before Ag-UP (unknown), but after DKP (55ka)	Fig.1-8
Kiribara	Late MP	surface collection	55-50	between Ag-UP/Hr-HP (50ka)	Fig.1-9
Gongenyama 1	Late MP	surface collection	55-50	between Ag-UP/Hr-HP	Fig.1-10
Kanedori cl.3	Late MP	excavation	50-(40)	46,480±710 Cyr BP (AMS); 31±6ka, 50±10ka(TL)	Fig.1-4
Kashiyamatate layer 2c	Late MP	excavation	50-33	involution	Fig.1-5
Ono lowest	Late MP	excavation	70-55	69.3±13.9 (OSL)	Fig.1-11
Hoshino Tankenkan	MP-UP	surface collection	>45	before Ag-KP (45ka)	Fig.1-12
Gongenyama 2	MP-UP	surface collection	50-45	between Hr-HP/Ag-KP	Fig.1-10
Ushiromuta cl.4	MP-UP	excavation	45-40	just before Kr-Iw (40ka)	Fig.1-6
Nutabura cl.1	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology; before AT(30ka)	Fig.1-13
Takesa-Nakahara A-C	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology; before AT(30ka)	Fig.1-14
Kamishitada cl.2	MP-UP	excavation	50-40	techno-typology	Fig.1-15
Rubenosawa	MP	excavation	?	techno-typology	Fig.1-16

Site	Lab-code	Method	Sample	¹⁴C age (BP)	δ¹³C	calibrated age (2σ), IntCal20		calibrated age (2σ), IntCal13
Ishinomoto	TKA-20818	AMS	charcoal	33170±130	-26.4	38,579	37,140	38,031	36,731
Ishinomoto	TKA-20819	AMS	charcoal	33180±130	-25.2	38,604	37,153	38,050	36,746
Ishinomoto	TKA-20820	AMS	charcoal	32980±130	-25.4	38,110	36,949	37,672	36,488
Ishinomoto	TKA-20821	AMS	charcoal	33370±140	-25.6	38,986	37,540	38,316	37,015
Ishinomoto	TKA-20822	AMS	charcoal	32910±130	-26.0	37,691	36,894	37,550	36,415
Ishinomoto	TKA-20823	AMS	charcoal	32840±150	-26.7	37,655	36,769	37,489	36,332
Ishinomoto	TKA-20824	AMS	charcoal	32830±130	-25.8	37,601	36,845	37,409	36,344
Ishinomoto	TKA-20825	AMS	charcoal	33260±140	-25.0	38,864	37,318	38,193	36,851
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63173	AMS	charcoal	33230±190	-25.7	38,916	37,180	38,241	36,733
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63172	AMS	charcoal	33180±180	-26.0	38,802	37,104	38,162	36,673
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63171	AMS	charcoal	33040±190	-22.7	38,544	36,936	37,956	36,469
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63170	AMS	charcoal	32920±200	-25.6	38,317	36,747	37,783	36,342
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63174	AMS	charcoal	32770±170	-23.1	37,615	36,624	37,437	36,250
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63169	AMS	charcoal	32720±190	-23.7	37,599	36,523	37,429	36,180

Site	Lab-code	Method	Sample	¹⁴C age (BP)	δ¹³C	calibrated age (2σ), IntCal20		calibrated age (2σ), IntCal13
Ishinomoto	TKA-20818	AMS	charcoal	33170±130	-26.4	38,579	37,140	38,031	36,731
Ishinomoto	TKA-20819	AMS	charcoal	33180±130	-25.2	38,604	37,153	38,050	36,746
Ishinomoto	TKA-20820	AMS	charcoal	32980±130	-25.4	38,110	36,949	37,672	36,488
Ishinomoto	TKA-20821	AMS	charcoal	33370±140	-25.6	38,986	37,540	38,316	37,015
Ishinomoto	TKA-20822	AMS	charcoal	32910±130	-26.0	37,691	36,894	37,550	36,415
Ishinomoto	TKA-20823	AMS	charcoal	32840±150	-26.7	37,655	36,769	37,489	36,332
Ishinomoto	TKA-20824	AMS	charcoal	32830±130	-25.8	37,601	36,845	37,409	36,344
Ishinomoto	TKA-20825	AMS	charcoal	33260±140	-25.0	38,864	37,318	38,193	36,851
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63173	AMS	charcoal	33230±190	-25.7	38,916	37,180	38,241	36,733
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63172	AMS	charcoal	33180±180	-26.0	38,802	37,104	38,162	36,673
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63171	AMS	charcoal	33040±190	-22.7	38,544	36,936	37,956	36,469
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63170	AMS	charcoal	32920±200	-25.6	38,317	36,747	37,783	36,342
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63174	AMS	charcoal	32770±170	-23.1	37,615	36,624	37,437	36,250
Idemaruyama	IAAA-63169	AMS	charcoal	32720±190	-23.7	37,599	36,523	37,429	36,180