沟湾遗址位于河南省淅川县上集镇西南,老灌河东岸二级台地上。2007-2009年共发掘5000 m²,出土了7700多件仰韶时期动物骨骼。可鉴定标本至少代表5纲11目19科23个属种,包括猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)、犬(Canis familiaris)、水牛(Buballus buballus)、犀牛(Rhinoceros sp.)、亚洲象(Elephas maximus)、中华竹鼠(Rhizomys sinensis)、花面狸(Paguma larvata taivana)等。动物群统计结果表明,仰韶文化一至三期含犀牛、亚洲象、竹鼠等喜温动物,四期中无喜温动物;根据动物生境,可判断该地区仰韶文化一至三期气候温暖湿润,四期相对干冷。仰韶文化一、二期狩猎动物的数量稍多于或等于家养动物,说明该时期“狩猎采集”比“饲养家畜”的活动多或并重;三、四期家猪骨骼占比分别是90.7%和87.9%,说明饲养家畜是一项主要的生业方式,狩猎和捕捞仅起辅助作用。仰韶文化三期3个兽骨坑内各埋藏了1具完整的成年母猪骨架,其中K15内为孕晚期母猪,怀仔猪数为7或稍多,为研究我国早期家猪繁育情况提供了十分宝贵的材料。总之,该遗址出土的丰富动物遗骸可为研究汉水中游地区仰韶时期的古环境、生业模式、动物资源利用、畜牧史等提供重要资料。

This article focuses on the identification and analysis of faunal remains unearthed from the Gouwan site between 2007 and 2009 in Xichuan county, Henan Province. In the total excavation area of 5000 m², more than 7700 faunal bone specimens were discovered, representing at least 23 species, including pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), dog (Canis familiaris), buffalo (Buballus buballus), rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sp. ), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis), masked civet (Paguma larvata taivana) and mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Based on the stratigraphy and the typology of unearthed artifacts, the cultural remains belongs to the Yangshao Culture period from the Gouwan site can be divided into four phases. Some thermophilic species, such as rhinoceros, Asian elephants and bamboo rats were discovered in the earlier three phases, but no thermophilic animals were found in the fourth phase. This contrast suggests that the climate of the earlier phases were warmer than that of the fourth phase. The numbers of hunted animals in the first and second phases are more than or equal to those of domestic animals, indicating that hunting outweighed or equaled with raising domestic animals in local subsistence. However, pig bones account for 90.7% and 87.9% of NISP in the third and the fourth phases respectively, showing that animal husbandry, instead of hunting and fishing became dominated in subsistence economy. In particular, three burials of animal bones were found dated to the third phase. Each has a complete skeleton of adult sow, among which one was in late pregnancy carrying at least 7 babies (No.K15), providing important materials for studying the early domestic pig breeding in China.