本文对双槐树遗址出土的14例儿童骨遗存进行了古病理学研究，探讨了仰韶文化晚期聚落中儿童的死亡年龄、健康情况和生存压力。墓葬I区的9例和II区的5例儿童骨骼显示出不同程度的病理和创伤情况。I区和II区的死亡年龄高峰均为5~10岁。I区儿童患龋率高达75%，乳齿患龋率21.54%，恒齿患龋率5.26%，其中臼齿患龋率较高；上颌乳齿患龋率高于下颌，而恒齿患龋率低于下颌；上、下颌臼齿龋患率和患龋程度均较门齿和犬齿高，乳齿龋损3级较常见。II区儿童患龋率为0。牙釉质发育不全、眶上筛孔、哈里斯生长停滞线和创伤均有发现。总之，I区儿童的高患龋率、高龋均与牙釉质发育水平、口腔卫生状况、高碳水饮食等原因有关；相比较而言，II区儿童的口腔卫生状况和饮食条件较好；古病理学研究反映出双槐树古代社会儿童患有营养不良、贫血等生存压力，少数个体遭受虐待和暴力创伤。

This study presents a palaeopathological analysis of 14 children’s bones that were excavated from the Shuanghuaishu site in Gongyi City, Henan Province, central China. Since 2020, a total of 328 human skeletons have been excavated from this site, including 299 adult skeletons, 14 child skeletons, and 15 cases of unknown age. Osteological analysis revealed a number of pathological indicators concerning age at death, state of health, and living environment of children from the Late Yangshao Neolithic site (approx. 5300BP). The 14 non-adults were found in two cemeteries called Area I and Area II, respectively. Skeletons of children from Burial Area I (n=9) and Burial Area II(n=5) showed varying degrees of pathology and trauma. Among them, peak age of death in both Area I and Area II was between 5 and 10 years. In Area I, the caries rate of children was high at 75% (n=12), of which the caries rate of deciduous teeth was 21.54% whereas the caries rate of permanent teeth was 5.26%. Caries rate of maxillary deciduous teeth was higher than that of mandibular deciduous teeth, with the maxillary permanent teeth having a lower caries rate than the mandibular permanent teeth. Molars were more severely affected and had higher rates of caries as well as degrees of carious lesions compared to incisors and canines, and a grade 3 of deciduous teeth carious lesion was more common. However, compared with Area I the caries rate of children in Area II was 0. To better understand oral hygiene conditions of Shuanghuaishu children, this study did a comparative analysis of nearby Yangshao sites in Henan Province, and also of modern children. The result showed that for both Area I and Area II, malplastic tooth enamel, cribra orbitalia, Harris’ lines and trauma were found. Conclusions of this work are as follows: carious lesion pattern found at the Shuanghuaishu site may be related to typical agricultural diets of Yangshao people and along with complexity of cultural features and lifestyles; a poor level of enamel development; perhaps poor oral hygiene conditions; and a high carbohydrate such as plant-based diet. In comparison, children in Area II had better tooth alignment, oral hygiene and dietary conditions. Palaeopathological evidence from dentition of children at Shuanghuaishu in the late Yangshao period showed that there was malnutrition, anemia and other survival pressures, as well as a few individuals suffering from abuse and violent trauma.