周口店5号直立人额骨眶上圆枕处的创伤痕迹
收稿日期: 2023-04-11
录用日期: 2023-04-26
网络出版日期: 2023-12-14
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);国家社会科学基金重大项目(22＆ZD246)
Trauma on the supraorbital torus of frontal bone of the Fifth Homo erecuts skull from the Zhoukoudian site
Received date: 2023-04-11
Accepted date: 2023-04-26
Online published: 2023-12-14
1966年在周口店第1地点发现的5号（ZKD-5）额顶骨和顶枕骨碎片是迄今唯一保存下来的周口店直立人头盖骨化石。以往研究发现，ZKD-5眶上圆枕处存在食肉类齿痕，该个体生前可能遭遇过鬣狗的捕食；虽资料记载周口店直立人头骨化石存在暴力冲突导致的创伤痕迹，但原始化石丢失，难以对其进行深入分析。本文以ZKD-5额顶骨化石为研究材料，通过肉眼、体视显微镜和CT技术，对其表面痕迹及骨骼内部解剖结构进行观察。结果显示ZKD-5额顶骨化石上除食肉类齿痕外，右侧眶上圆枕前侧及上侧存在多处不规则的创伤愈合痕迹，可能是暴力冲突过程中钝器击打所致的非致命伤，但不排除意外摔伤的可能性。ZKD-5的创伤痕迹是继南京人、马坝人及和县人之后，东亚地区中更新世古人类头骨创伤的新发现，为世界范围内中更新世古人类创伤记录增加了新的案例，为探讨周口店直立人的生存方式提供了参考资料。
陈逸迎 , 吴秀杰 . 周口店5号直立人额骨眶上圆枕处的创伤痕迹[J]. 人类学学报, 2023 , 42(06) : 721 -732 . DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0046
Traumas on the skulls of ancient human fossils were observed very early, which can be dated back to a hundred years ago, and have been investigated since then. It not only demonstrates health and life situation of Homos, but also reveals the interaction between humans and animals, as well as that among humans, for instance, potential violent conflicts. As a result, it is meaningful to study the potential traumas on Homo fossils. Homo erectus fossils excavated at the Zhoukoudian (ZKD) site in 1920s-1930s had received worldwide attention for nearly a century, being one of the most significant comparative materials for exploring human evolution. While most researchers concentrated on the morphological characteristics and features, or evolutionary status of ZKD Homo erectus, few paid attentions to the superficial traits on the vaults, except for Weidenreich. In his monograph, The Skull of Sinanthropus Pekinensis: A Comparative Study on a Primitive Hominid Skull, he claimed to have found multiple signs of interpersonal violence on many vaults of ZKD Homo erectus, including ZKD-5, ZKD-10, ZKD-11 & ZKD-12, and maybe there is cannibalism in this group of humans. However, it is difficult to confirm his opinion and lucubrate it since the original fossils were lost during the World War II. Subsequently, Boaz et al. claimed to have found carnivorous bite marks on the orbital of ZKD-5, and speculated that this individual might have died from predation by large predators like Hyena. In this article, we used the frontal-parietal fragment of the only preserved fossil of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus ZKD-5 unearthed in 1966, aging approximately from 0.3 to 0.5 MaBP, as material. The original fossil is now curated in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Gross observation, cytopethoscopy and high-precision CT technique were used to observe and identify surface traits and internal anatomical structures of the specimen. Our study found traumatic injuries in addition to carnivorous bite marks reported previously on the orbital region of ZKD-5 frontal-parietal bone, positioned on the anterior and superior portion of the right supraorbital torus, with healing sighs observed. It is highly possible that they could be non-fatal blunt force traumas caused by interpersonal violence, but the possibility of accidental fall or bump cannot be ruled out. The trauma of ZKD-5 is a new discovery of skull trauma of Middle Pleistocene hominid in East Asia after Nanjing/Hulu Cave 1, Maba 1 and Hexian, adding a new case to the record of Middle Pleistocene hominid trauma worldwidely.
Key words： Zhoukoudian; Homo erectus; Skull; Trauma
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