New radiocarbon evidence on the woolly mammoth and rhinoceros in China

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0039

Abstract

Abstract:

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius) and the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) were the dominated members of the late Pleistocene fauna in the high latitude of northern Hemisphere. The age and causes of their extinction are still controversy. In this study, five woolly mammoth and 5 woolly rhinoceros fossils unearthed recently from Yingxiancun, Qinggang County, Heilongjiang Province were dated by AMS¹⁴C methods. The dating results were all over 40,000 years, and some fossils may have exceeded the current limit of radiocarbon dating. Based on comparing the published radiocarbon data of two animal fossils in China, we argued that the accuracy of the dating results obtained by the conventional ¹⁴C dating method should be reconsidered. The dating results of woolly mammoth fossils were mainly in MIS3, and the woolly rhinoceros survived in China until the last deglacial period. More chronology data of Mammuthus Primigenius and Coelodonta antiquitatis fossils were still needed for the research on the late Pleistocene megafauna extinction in China.

Key words: Qinggang County, MIS 3, Last glacial maximum, Megafauna extinction, Buried strata

CLC Number:

Q915.87

ZHAO Keliang, JIANG Haitao, WANG Yuan, TONG Haowen, ZHANG Yaping, GE Junyi, ZHOU Xinying, JIN Changzhu, LI Xiaoqiang. New radiocarbon evidence on the woolly mammoth and rhinoceros in China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(03): 551-562.

Figures/Tables 7

References 53

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化石地点 Fossil sites	编号 Lab ID	材料 materials	¹⁴C年代 Age (BP) /5730	¹⁴C年代 Age (BP) /5568	校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/ 2σ)	校正中值Median age ( BP cal)	文献Ref
黑龙江青冈英贤村 Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang(Hei)	OxA-37718	头骨Skull /AMS	-	>44800	-	-	本文
	OxA-37719	臼齿Molar /AMS	-	48800±3400	47124-?*	51340	本文
	Beta-476497	牙齿Tooth /AMS	-	41560±500	43359-45241	44453	本文
	Beta-482695	骨头Bone /AMS	-	41030±460	43131-44676	43997	本文
	Beta-482698	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	本文
	Beta-439349	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	[18]
黑龙江穆棱新兴村 Xinxingcun, Muling, Hei	Beta-530980	齿板Tooth plate/AMS	-	>43500	-	-	本文
黑龙江饶河小南山 Xiaonanshan, Raohe, Hei	PV-179	骨头Bone /常规 Conventional method	13285±410	12910±410	14055-16650	15397	[24]
黑龙江五常学田 Xuetian, Wuchang, Hei	AECV-1405C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	38800±3500	39423-52831*	44528	[25]
	AECV-1406C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	40200±3500	41037-52859*	45638	[25]
	AECV-1407C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	39600±3000	40473-52677*	44759	[25]
黑龙江牡丹江市 Mudanjiang, Hei	ZK-118-0	牙齿Tooth/常规 Conventional method	21540±1000	20900±1000	23014-27345	25179	[26]
黑龙江肇源三站 Sanzhan, Zhaoyuan, Hei	ZK-425-0	骨头Bone/常规 Conventional method	21200±600	20610±600	23369-26243	24823	[27]
黑龙江阎家岗 Yanjiagang, Hei	ETH-98609	掌骨Metacarpal/AMS	-	38204±225	42145-42530	42339	[28]
	ETH-98608	肱骨Humerus /AMS	-	41103±313	43311-44590	44123	[28]
	ETH-98610	骨头Bone /AMS	-	﹥41964	-	-	[28]
内蒙古扎赉诺尔^# Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia	PV-170	粪化石Coprolites /常规Conventional method	33765±1700	32810±1700	34565-41638	37880	[24]
	PV-175	骨头Bone/常规Conventional method	26695±1300	25940±1300	27794-33671	30357	[24]
	Kia34350	骨头Bone/AMS	-	43500+1000/-800	45400-48800	47100	[29]
	Beta313528	胃部残留Stomach remains/AMS	-	>43500	-	-	[29]
吉林榆树大康家屯 Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin	ZK-1193	门齿Incisor/常规Conventional method	-	38290±2000	39595-48100*	42849	[30]
吉林榆树周家油坊 Zhoujiayoufang, Yushu, Jilin	NU-138	肢骨Limb /常规Conventional method	-	30810±1385	32246-39439	35571	[31]
	OxA-21001	臼齿Molar /AMS	-	51600±1400	52063-? *	53479	[16]
	WB78-45	骨头Bone/常规Conventional method	29750±1220	28910±1220	31036-36230	33342	[32]
吉林安图明月沟 Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin	WB78-41	肩胛骨Scapula/常规Conventional method	26560±550	25810±550	29106-31110	30098	[32]
	WB78-42	臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method	35370±1850	34370±1850	35572-42826	39353	[32]
山东济南Jinan, Shandong	-	臼齿Molar/AMS	-	33150±250	37019-38945	37825	[33]

化石地点 Fossil sites	编号 Lab ID	材料 materials	¹⁴C年代 Age (BP) /5730	¹⁴C年代 Age (BP) /5568	校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/ 2σ)	校正中值Median age ( BP cal)	文献Ref
黑龙江青冈英贤村 Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang(Hei)	OxA-37718	头骨Skull /AMS	-	>44800	-	-	本文
	OxA-37719	臼齿Molar /AMS	-	48800±3400	47124-?*	51340	本文
	Beta-476497	牙齿Tooth /AMS	-	41560±500	43359-45241	44453	本文
	Beta-482695	骨头Bone /AMS	-	41030±460	43131-44676	43997	本文
	Beta-482698	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	本文
	Beta-439349	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	[18]
黑龙江穆棱新兴村 Xinxingcun, Muling, Hei	Beta-530980	齿板Tooth plate/AMS	-	>43500	-	-	本文
黑龙江饶河小南山 Xiaonanshan, Raohe, Hei	PV-179	骨头Bone /常规 Conventional method	13285±410	12910±410	14055-16650	15397	[24]
黑龙江五常学田 Xuetian, Wuchang, Hei	AECV-1405C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	38800±3500	39423-52831*	44528	[25]
	AECV-1406C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	40200±3500	41037-52859*	45638	[25]
	AECV-1407C	骨头Bone /AMS	-	39600±3000	40473-52677*	44759	[25]
黑龙江牡丹江市 Mudanjiang, Hei	ZK-118-0	牙齿Tooth/常规 Conventional method	21540±1000	20900±1000	23014-27345	25179	[26]
黑龙江肇源三站 Sanzhan, Zhaoyuan, Hei	ZK-425-0	骨头Bone/常规 Conventional method	21200±600	20610±600	23369-26243	24823	[27]
黑龙江阎家岗 Yanjiagang, Hei	ETH-98609	掌骨Metacarpal/AMS	-	38204±225	42145-42530	42339	[28]
	ETH-98608	肱骨Humerus /AMS	-	41103±313	43311-44590	44123	[28]
	ETH-98610	骨头Bone /AMS	-	﹥41964	-	-	[28]
内蒙古扎赉诺尔^# Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia	PV-170	粪化石Coprolites /常规Conventional method	33765±1700	32810±1700	34565-41638	37880	[24]
	PV-175	骨头Bone/常规Conventional method	26695±1300	25940±1300	27794-33671	30357	[24]
	Kia34350	骨头Bone/AMS	-	43500+1000/-800	45400-48800	47100	[29]
	Beta313528	胃部残留Stomach remains/AMS	-	>43500	-	-	[29]
吉林榆树大康家屯 Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin	ZK-1193	门齿Incisor/常规Conventional method	-	38290±2000	39595-48100*	42849	[30]
吉林榆树周家油坊 Zhoujiayoufang, Yushu, Jilin	NU-138	肢骨Limb /常规Conventional method	-	30810±1385	32246-39439	35571	[31]
	OxA-21001	臼齿Molar /AMS	-	51600±1400	52063-? *	53479	[16]
	WB78-45	骨头Bone/常规Conventional method	29750±1220	28910±1220	31036-36230	33342	[32]
吉林安图明月沟 Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin	WB78-41	肩胛骨Scapula/常规Conventional method	26560±550	25810±550	29106-31110	30098	[32]
	WB78-42	臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method	35370±1850	34370±1850	35572-42826	39353	[32]
山东济南Jinan, Shandong	-	臼齿Molar/AMS	-	33150±250	37019-38945	37825	[33]

化石出土地点 Fossil sites	测年材料及方法 Dating materials and methods	¹⁴C年代 Age ( BP) /5730	¹⁴C年代 Age ( BP) /5568	校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/2σ)	校正中值 Median age ( BP cal)	实验室编号 Lab ID	文献 Ref
黑龙江青冈英贤村Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang (Hei)	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>44700	-	-	OxA-37720	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>46000	-	-	OxA-37721	本文
	牙齿Tooth /AMS	-	43610±630	44882-47497	46018	Beta-476496	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	Beta-482696	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	Beta-482699	本文
黑龙江青冈红旗村Hongqicun, Qinggang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	16975±75	20322-20764	20507	AAR-11030	[12]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	41150±500	43139-44827	44097	OxA-20104	[12]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>44000	-	-	AAR-11031	[12]
黑龙江青冈 Qinggang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	35085±180	39763-40684	40238	-	[36]
黑龙江肇东太平乡Taipingxiang, Zhaodong, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	39625±250	42605-43230	42899	-	[36]
黑龙江阎家岗Yanjiagang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	40441±579	42820-44476	43616	ETH-102509	[28]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	42241±721	43854-46346	44991	ETH-102511	[28]
	下颌骨Mandible/AMS	-	42310±726	43949-46447	45024	ETH-102512	[28]
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /AMS	-	37800±900	41012-43249	42165	AAR-11043	[12]
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /AMS	-	42230±370	44399-45544	44899	-	[36]
吉林榆树大康家屯Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	31800±910	30900±910	33604-37840	35445	WB78-46	[32]
内蒙古扎赉诺尔Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	27005±800	26240±800	28806-32181	30500	PV-220	[24]
吉林安图明月沟Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin	臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method	28720±750	27910±750	30939-34143	32248	WB78-43	[32]
吉林乾安大布苏Dabusu, Qianan, Jilin	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	-	20530±465	23784-25804	24731	-	[37]
河北阳原虎头梁Hutouliang, Yangyuan, Hebei	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	11000±210	10690±210	11972-13085	12614	PV-0156	[32]
河南安阳小南海Xiaonanhai, Anyang, Henan	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	13075±220	12710±220	14203-15757	15091	ZK-0170	[32]
山西阳高许家窑Xujiayao, Yanggao, Shanxi	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	16920±2000	16450±2000	15628-26946	20551	ZK-0670	[38]

化石出土地点 Fossil sites	测年材料及方法 Dating materials and methods	¹⁴C年代 Age ( BP) /5730	¹⁴C年代 Age ( BP) /5568	校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/2σ)	校正中值 Median age ( BP cal)	实验室编号 Lab ID	文献 Ref
黑龙江青冈英贤村Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang (Hei)	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>44700	-	-	OxA-37720	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>46000	-	-	OxA-37721	本文
	牙齿Tooth /AMS	-	43610±630	44882-47497	46018	Beta-476496	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	Beta-482696	本文
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>43500	-	-	Beta-482699	本文
黑龙江青冈红旗村Hongqicun, Qinggang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	16975±75	20322-20764	20507	AAR-11030	[12]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	41150±500	43139-44827	44097	OxA-20104	[12]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	>44000	-	-	AAR-11031	[12]
黑龙江青冈 Qinggang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	35085±180	39763-40684	40238	-	[36]
黑龙江肇东太平乡Taipingxiang, Zhaodong, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	39625±250	42605-43230	42899	-	[36]
黑龙江阎家岗Yanjiagang, Hei	骨头Bone /AMS	-	40441±579	42820-44476	43616	ETH-102509	[28]
	骨头Bone /AMS	-	42241±721	43854-46346	44991	ETH-102511	[28]
	下颌骨Mandible/AMS	-	42310±726	43949-46447	45024	ETH-102512	[28]
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /AMS	-	37800±900	41012-43249	42165	AAR-11043	[12]
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /AMS	-	42230±370	44399-45544	44899	-	[36]
吉林榆树大康家屯Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	31800±910	30900±910	33604-37840	35445	WB78-46	[32]
内蒙古扎赉诺尔Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	27005±800	26240±800	28806-32181	30500	PV-220	[24]
吉林安图明月沟Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin	臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method	28720±750	27910±750	30939-34143	32248	WB78-43	[32]
吉林乾安大布苏Dabusu, Qianan, Jilin	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	-	20530±465	23784-25804	24731	-	[37]
河北阳原虎头梁Hutouliang, Yangyuan, Hebei	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	11000±210	10690±210	11972-13085	12614	PV-0156	[32]
河南安阳小南海Xiaonanhai, Anyang, Henan	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	13075±220	12710±220	14203-15757	15091	ZK-0170	[32]
山西阳高许家窑Xujiayao, Yanggao, Shanxi	骨头Bone /常规Conventional method	16920±2000	16450±2000	15628-26946	20551	ZK-0670	[38]