A general study review of site formation processes for Paleolithic open-air sites

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0010

Abstract

Abstract:

The study of site formation processes is an important field of research in archaeological geology or geoarchaeology, which enables to explore the formation and depositional processes of early human sites. Understanding of formation processes bears great significance on the interpretation of site integrity and early human adaptive behavior. However, new developments on the study of site formation processes have not received enough attention in paleoanthropological research in China. To a certain extent, this shortcoming has reduced the impact of Chinese paleoanthropological and paleolithic research in the international area. Considering the special relevance of open-air sites in preserving early human fossils and archaeological remains, this paper aims to highlight the importance of geoarchaeology as starting point in any archaeological research, and presents a state of the art on the research in open-air site formation processes. Concepts and models developed by Glynn Isaac to classify eastern African assemblages are discussed. After evaluating the taphonomic proxies and spatial patterns as foundations for research in site formation processes, the key features of assemblages (i.e. edge damage, technological composition, artifact size distribution, refitted data, artifact density, cluster analysis, digital elevation model, fabric analysis, etc.) retrieved during archaeological research, as well as their scientific significance, are discussed in this paper. Alongside, a review and discussion of the history and current status of the studies of site formation processes in Chinese paleoanthropological research are also proposed by the author in the current paper.

Key words: Paleolithic, Geoarchaeology, Site formation processes, Open-air sites, Hydraulic disturbance, Glynn Isaac

CLC Number:

K871.11
Q981

PEI Shuwen. A general study review of site formation processes for Paleolithic open-air sites[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(01): 1-18.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Ratios of flaked pieces/detached pieces of lithic artifacts from SDG7[45], FL-TOK[46], and ML2A[47] sites

Fig.2 Debitage size distributions of lithic artifacts from SDG7[45], FL-TOK[46], and ML2A[47] sites

Fig.3 Digital elevation model (DEM) figures of lithic artifacts from SDG7 and ML2A site A) 水洞沟第7地点/SDG7 site;B) 马岭2号地点/ML2A site

Fig.4 Rose diagrams showing the orientation and dip patterns on the lithic artifacts from SDG7[45], FL-TOK[46] and ML2A[47] sites A)水洞沟第7地点石制品走向/Orientation pattern of SDG7 lithic artifacts(n=998); B)飞梁TOK地点石制品走向/Orientation pattern of FL-TOK lithic artifacts(n=447); C)马岭2号地点石制品走向/Orientation pattern of ML2A lithic artifacts(n=343); D)水洞沟第7地点石制品倾向/Dip pattern of SDG7 lithic artifacts(n=611); E)飞梁TOK地点石制品倾向/Dip pattern of FK-TOK lithic artifacts(n=126); F)马岭2号地点石制品倾向/Dip pattern of ML2A lithic artifacts (n=377)

Tab.1 Accumulation models and corresponding archaeological signatures

遗址成因模型→ 古人类活动信息↓	生活面模型 (living floor)^[68,77-78]	快速堆积模型 (rapid-accumulation palimpsest)^[79,80]	缓慢堆积模型 (slow-accumulation palimpsest)^[81]
古人类活动频次	一次单一的活动事件	少量活动事件伴随后期再沉积改造的遗址形成过程,但活动期次可辨	多个活动事件,活动期次边界被后期改造变得难以识别
古人类活动时间	短暂且单一的人类活动行为	人类活动和地质形成过程交替发生	长时间人类活动,但仅有地质形成过程可以识别
考古层位属性	文化层厚度多在10cm以下,水平延伸和顶底边界清楚	文化层厚度多在10cm以上,水平延伸不稳定	文化层大大超过10cm,且水平延伸不稳定,垂向边界不清
标本空间分布特点	空间分布不规律,多个分散的人类活动区域可辨	活动集中区由于后期的地质改造而变得模糊	无法分辨古人类活动的具体区域
石制品保存状况	古人类遗存均为同时期形成,石制品保存新鲜无磨蚀	大部分石制品的外表新鲜	不同保存状况的石制品混杂一起

Fig.5 Main streams networks of the bottom of the archaeological layers and artifacts density of the artifacts of T2 main trench of EF-HR site from Olduvai Gorge, East Africa[51] A)文化层底面水系解析图/Main stream networks of channels (identified through field observations), B)标本空间分布密度图/Probability surface of T2-Main Trench: a log-linear regression model based on elevation, slope, flow direction, and flow accumulation. Intensity of artifacts is represented by colors from blue (minimum) to yellow (maximum)

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