Acta Anthropologica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (01): 107-118.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0008
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ZHANG Yajun1(
), TONG Tao1, LI Linhui2, Trinle Tsering2
Received:2018-03-27
Revised:2018-08-02
Online:2019-02-15
Published:2020-09-15
CLC Number:
ZHANG Yajun, TONG Tao, LI Linhui, Trinle Tsering. The relationship between tooth wear and diet of the Gurugyam people in Tibet[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(01): 107-118.
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URL: https://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0008
| 墓号 | 性别 | 年龄（岁） |
|---|---|---|
| 2012M3 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2012M3:1 | ♀ | 30± |
| 2013M1:1 | ♀ | 25± |
| 2013M1:3 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M1:4 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2013M1:7 | ♂ | 35-40 |
| 2013M1:8 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M2:3 | ♀ | 40-45 |
| 2014M1:2 | ♀ | 30± |
Tab.1 The sex and age of human samples from Gurugyam cemetery
| 墓号 | 性别 | 年龄（岁） |
|---|---|---|
| 2012M3 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2012M3:1 | ♀ | 30± |
| 2013M1:1 | ♀ | 25± |
| 2013M1:3 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M1:4 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2013M1:7 | ♂ | 35-40 |
| 2013M1:8 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M2:3 | ♀ | 40-45 |
| 2014M1:2 | ♀ | 30± |
| 类型 | 男性 | 女性 | 总计 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | ||
| I1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| I2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| C | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| P1 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 18 |
| P2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| M1 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 27 |
| M2 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 14 |
| M3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 总计 | 32 | 41 | 73 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 111 |
Tab.2 The used human dental specimens from Gurugyam cemetery
| 类型 | 男性 | 女性 | 总计 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | ||
| I1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| I2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| C | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| P1 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 18 |
| P2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| M1 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 27 |
| M2 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 14 |
| M3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 总计 | 32 | 41 | 73 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 111 |
| 分级 | 门齿和犬齿 | 前臼齿 | 臼齿 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 |
| 2级 | 点状或头发丝状齿质暴露 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状。磨耗面釉质变薄(似人乳齿或黑猩猩臼齿状),或齿尖部可呈现一个小点状齿质暴露 |
| 3级 | 出现明显的线状齿质暴露 | 整个齿尖磨耗消失,或中度齿质片状暴露 | 整个齿尖磨平,或出现若干点状或中度的齿质暴露 |
| 4级 | 中度齿质暴露,已不呈线状 | 至少一侧齿尖大片状齿质暴露 | 出现若干大的齿质暴露,但彼此仍各自独立 |
| 5级 | 齿质大片状暴露,但围绕齿冠的环状釉质仍完整存在 | 出现两个大的齿质暴露区,并可能轻度融合 | 两个齿质暴露区互相融合 |
| 6级 | 齿质大片暴露,一侧环状釉质缺失,或仅保留有非常细的釉质环 | 齿质暴露区完全融合,但环绕四周的釉质环仍完整 | 三个齿质暴露区互相融合,或四个齿质暴露区互相融合,出现咬合面中央釉质岛 |
| 7级 | 釉质环两侧缺失,或仅残存齿冠釉质 | 齿质完全暴露,至少一侧釉质环缺失 | 整个咬合面齿质暴露,周围釉质环大致完整 |
| 8级 | 齿冠全部磨耗缺失,无釉质残存;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠重度磨耗,高度明显减低;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠严重磨耗,高度减低,釉质环丧失;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 |
Tab.3 The criteria to human tooth score
| 分级 | 门齿和犬齿 | 前臼齿 | 臼齿 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 |
| 2级 | 点状或头发丝状齿质暴露 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状。磨耗面釉质变薄(似人乳齿或黑猩猩臼齿状),或齿尖部可呈现一个小点状齿质暴露 |
| 3级 | 出现明显的线状齿质暴露 | 整个齿尖磨耗消失,或中度齿质片状暴露 | 整个齿尖磨平,或出现若干点状或中度的齿质暴露 |
| 4级 | 中度齿质暴露,已不呈线状 | 至少一侧齿尖大片状齿质暴露 | 出现若干大的齿质暴露,但彼此仍各自独立 |
| 5级 | 齿质大片状暴露,但围绕齿冠的环状釉质仍完整存在 | 出现两个大的齿质暴露区,并可能轻度融合 | 两个齿质暴露区互相融合 |
| 6级 | 齿质大片暴露,一侧环状釉质缺失,或仅保留有非常细的釉质环 | 齿质暴露区完全融合,但环绕四周的釉质环仍完整 | 三个齿质暴露区互相融合,或四个齿质暴露区互相融合,出现咬合面中央釉质岛 |
| 7级 | 釉质环两侧缺失,或仅残存齿冠釉质 | 齿质完全暴露,至少一侧釉质环缺失 | 整个咬合面齿质暴露,周围釉质环大致完整 |
| 8级 | 齿冠全部磨耗缺失,无釉质残存;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠重度磨耗,高度明显减低;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠严重磨耗,高度减低,釉质环丧失;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 |
Fig.1 The show of tooth wear stages by Smith
| 牙齿 类别 | 牙齿 数目 | 各磨耗级别出现率百分比 | 平均磨 耗等级 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 6级 | 7级 | 8级 | |||||
| 上颌 | M3 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | |
| M2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.88 | ||
| M1 | 14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 64.29 | 7.14 | 21.43 | 6.21 | ||
| P2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.38 | ||
| P1 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 3.63 | ||
| C | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 60.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | ||
| I2 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | ||
| I1 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| 下颌 | I1 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 42.86 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.50 | |
| I2 | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.75 | ||
| C | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 15.38 | 38.46 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 4.38 | ||
| P1 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 57.14 | 0.00 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.63 | ||
| P2 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 12.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| M1 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.93 | ||
| M2 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 4.00 | ||
| M3 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.25 | ||
Tab.4 The mean and frequencies of every stages of tooth wear in Gurugyam ancient people
| 牙齿 类别 | 牙齿 数目 | 各磨耗级别出现率百分比 | 平均磨 耗等级 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 6级 | 7级 | 8级 | |||||
| 上颌 | M3 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | |
| M2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.88 | ||
| M1 | 14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 64.29 | 7.14 | 21.43 | 6.21 | ||
| P2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.38 | ||
| P1 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 3.63 | ||
| C | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 60.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | ||
| I2 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | ||
| I1 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| 下颌 | I1 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 42.86 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.50 | |
| I2 | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.75 | ||
| C | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 15.38 | 38.46 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 4.38 | ||
| P1 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 57.14 | 0.00 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.63 | ||
| P2 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 12.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| M1 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.93 | ||
| M2 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 4.00 | ||
| M3 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.25 | ||
| 对比组 | 主要经济类型 | I1 | I2 | C | P1 | P2 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 平均磨耗等级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 3.50 | 4.13 | 3.63 | 3.38 | 6.21 | 4.88 | 3.75 | 4.25 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.50 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 4.60 | 3.40 | 2.50 | 3.44 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 4.30 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 2.50 | 3.88 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.20 | 2.40 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 1.30 | 3.08 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.05 | 3.44 | 4.22 | 4.13 | 3.84 | 4.73 | 4.1 | 2.67 | 3.90 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.90 | 4.70 | 4.00 | 3.70 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 3.70 | 2.00 | 4.00 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 4.30 | 5.20 | 4.90 | 5.90 | 3.70 | 2.30 | 4.54 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.10 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 5.10 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 3.78 |
| 下颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.38 | 4.63 | 4.50 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.49 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.70 | 3.50 | 3.80 | 3.20 | 3.40 | 4.50 | 4.00 | 2.70 | 3.60 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 4.10 | 4.40 | 4.00 | 5.10 | 4.60 | 2.60 | 4.10 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 2.90 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 3.30 | 2.00 | 3.01 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.26 | 4.06 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 3.58 | 4.61 | 4.44 | 3.04 | 4.01 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.00 | 3.80 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 3.60 | 2.30 | 3.61 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 4.40 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 5.30 | 3.90 | 4.60 | 4.30 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 3.70 | 5.40 | 4.40 | 3.60 | 4.05 |
Tab.5 The mean of tooth wear among comparable groups
| 对比组 | 主要经济类型 | I1 | I2 | C | P1 | P2 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 平均磨耗等级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 3.50 | 4.13 | 3.63 | 3.38 | 6.21 | 4.88 | 3.75 | 4.25 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.50 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 4.60 | 3.40 | 2.50 | 3.44 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 4.30 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 2.50 | 3.88 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.20 | 2.40 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 1.30 | 3.08 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.05 | 3.44 | 4.22 | 4.13 | 3.84 | 4.73 | 4.1 | 2.67 | 3.90 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.90 | 4.70 | 4.00 | 3.70 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 3.70 | 2.00 | 4.00 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 4.30 | 5.20 | 4.90 | 5.90 | 3.70 | 2.30 | 4.54 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.10 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 5.10 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 3.78 |
| 下颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.38 | 4.63 | 4.50 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.49 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.70 | 3.50 | 3.80 | 3.20 | 3.40 | 4.50 | 4.00 | 2.70 | 3.60 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 4.10 | 4.40 | 4.00 | 5.10 | 4.60 | 2.60 | 4.10 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 2.90 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 3.30 | 2.00 | 3.01 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.26 | 4.06 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 3.58 | 4.61 | 4.44 | 3.04 | 4.01 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.00 | 3.80 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 3.60 | 2.30 | 3.61 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 4.40 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 5.30 | 3.90 | 4.60 | 4.30 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 3.70 | 5.40 | 4.40 | 3.60 | 4.05 |
| 对比组groups | 平均磨耗等级 | I1/M1 | I1-2 C/M1-2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | |||
| 故如甲木Gurugyam | 4.4 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.88 | |
| 下王岗Xiawanggang | 3.7 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | |
| 游邀Youyao | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.85 | |
| 西山Xishan | 3.3 | 1.11 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.95 | |
| 土城子Tuchengzi | 4.1 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | |
| 洋海Yanghai | 4.1 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |
| 穷克科Qiongkeke | 4.6 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |
| 营盘Yingpan | 4.0 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
Tab.6 The indices of anterior / posterior tooth wear difference among comparable groups
| 对比组groups | 平均磨耗等级 | I1/M1 | I1-2 C/M1-2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | |||
| 故如甲木Gurugyam | 4.4 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.88 | |
| 下王岗Xiawanggang | 3.7 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | |
| 游邀Youyao | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.85 | |
| 西山Xishan | 3.3 | 1.11 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.95 | |
| 土城子Tuchengzi | 4.1 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | |
| 洋海Yanghai | 4.1 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |
| 穷克科Qiongkeke | 4.6 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |
| 营盘Yingpan | 4.0 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
Fig.2 The mean of tooth wear for all comparable groups（upper jaw）
Fig.3 Themean of tooth wear for all comparable groups (low jaw)
Fig.4 The mean of tooth wear for all comparable groups
Fig.5 The indices of anterior/posterior tooth wear differences among all comparable groups
Fig.6 The tooth wear from Gurugyam ancient population
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