Ancient mitogenomes reveals Holocene human population history in the Nenjiang River valley

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0058

Abstract

Abstract:

The Nenjiang River valley is one of the most important settlements for ancient Chinese people in northeast China. Archaeological research demonstrates that the inhabitants had practiced mixed hunting-gathering-fishing since the Neolithic Age, only began to engage in animal husbandry and limited millet cultivation until the late Neolithic Age and early Bronze Age. A problem remained about whether it was a transfer of culture and technology or if it involved the migration of people who experimented with animal husbandry and limited millet cultivation and then brought them to Nenjiang River valley. Here we successfully sequenced 24 complete mitochondrial DNA genomes of 11000 to 2000-year-old humans from the Nenjiang River Valley. The results show that the Bronze / Iron Age populations of Nenjiang River valley matrilineal received partial contribution from the populations of the West Liao River, despite some level of continuity between Neolithic Age groups and Bronze / Iron Age. Combining paleoclimatology, archaeology, and linguistics, we estimate that the ancient people of West Liao River had migrated to the Nenjiang River valley carried their cultural techniques and languages between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago.

Key words: Nenjiang River valley, Ancient DNA, Mitogenomes, Genetic Structure

CLC Number:

Q986

LI Chunxiang, ZHANG Fan, MA Pengcheng, WANG Lixin, CUI Yinqiu. Ancient mitogenomes reveals Holocene human population history in the Nenjiang River valley[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2020, 39(04): 695-705.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1 Geographic map showing the sampling locations.

Tab.1 The archeological information of samples in this study

	遗址名称	年代（cal BP）	样本数量（个）	年代参考文献
新石器时代	后套木嘎遗址	11000-6000	6	[8]
	扎赉诺尔遗址	5500-5300	1	[9]
	黑龙江五七农场遗址	5500-5300	1	[9]
	洪河村遗址	4000	4	[7]
青铜铁器时代	后套木嘎遗址	4000-2000	6	[8]
	黑龙江大古堆遗址	2500-2000	2	[16]
	内蒙古蘑菇山遗址	2000	3	[9]
	扎赉诺尔遗址	2000-2200	1	[9]

Tab.2 The results of mitogenomes of ancient individuals of Neijiang River in this study

样本编号	考古遗址	线粒体测序深度	线粒体污染率	线粒体单倍群
HT-M45	后套木嘎遗址	853.3641	0.008	D4h1+12396C
HT-M89	后套木嘎遗址	68.0831	0.016	A+152C
HT-M80	后套木嘎遗址	55.223	0.012	D4e5a
HT-M91	后套木嘎遗址	28.4945	0.032	Y1a
HT-M54A	后套木嘎遗址	21.8996	0.058	B4c1a2
HT-M94	后套木嘎遗址	4.7071	0.037	D4c1b
HQHM2	洪河村遗址	52.0482	0.008	D4c1b
HQHM3	洪河村遗址	17.6003	0.009	D4j
HQHM4	洪河村遗址	59.4463	0.022	D4b2a
HQHM5	洪河村遗址	20.8831	0.016	D4
ZLNR-2	扎赉诺尔遗址	16.6342	0.014	C5
WQM4	五七农场遗址	16.9741	0.015	C4a1a
HT-M74A	后套木嘎遗址	72.9727	0.019	C4a2a1
HT-M25B	后套木嘎遗址	46.2914	0.034	D4c2b
HT-M69B	后套木嘎遗址	44.3536	0.092	G2a1
HT-M74B	后套木嘎遗址	30.9066	0.017	G2a1
HT-M69A	后套木嘎遗址	23.8907	0.046	B4c1a2
HT-M69C	后套木嘎遗址	5.6121	0.042	F1b1e
DGDM104	大古堆遗址	59.44631	0.026	M8*
DGDM105	大古堆遗址	20.883	0.01	D4m
ZLNR-1	扎赉诺尔遗址	5.7467	0.012	N9a9
MGS-M6	内蒙古蘑菇山	19.3666	0.009	C5a1
MGS-M7L	内蒙古蘑菇山	22.2542	0.006	Z3a1
MGS-M7R	内蒙古蘑菇山	33.9752	0.015	C4a1a4a

Fig.2 Relationship between ancient NenJiang River populations and other populations based on haplogroup frequencies The abscissa is the comparison populations, and the ordinate is the frequency of haplogroups. Different colors represent different haplogroups of mitochondria DNA

Fig.3 PCA plot based on haplogroup frequencies of Nenjing River populations and other ancient populations calculated using The genetic cluster of the early Nenjiang River population is shown in light blue and the genetic cluster of the later Nenjiang River population is shown in light yellow

Fig.4 Statistical analyses based on the sequences of Haplogroup B4c1a The Bayesian tree for sequences from Haplogroup B4c1. The long of line is the years before present, the number is the age for the divergence age for the clade and the coalescence time of B4c1a2 was 8560 years ago, the individuals are colored according to different origin

Fig.5 Statistical analyses based on the sequences of Haplogroup N9a (A)The Bayesian tree for sequences from Haplogroup N9a. The long of line is the years before present, the number is the age for the divergence age for the clade, the individuals are colored according to different origin, the Genbank number for every individual was shown in Supplementary Fig S3. (B) The Bayesian Skyline plots of Haplogroup N9a showing the maternal effective population size history. (C)The Network of Haplogroup N9a. Haplotypes where the number of Shared individuals is greater than one are numbered

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