Chronological significance of the mammalian fauna from the Early Pleistocene Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin, northern China

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0026

Abstract

Abstract:

The fossils of the Nihewan (Nihowan) Fauna (senso stricto) or the Classic Nihewan Fauna derived from diversified sites around the Xiashagou Village located at the northern bank of the Sangganhe (Sangkanho) River. The Nihewan Fauna has been regarded as the type fauna of the Early Pleistocene epoch in northern China, whereas its approximate numerical age has been unresolved for quite a long time; the updated paleomagnetic age is 2.2-1.7 MaBP. Because of the cuts by river and tectonic faults, the stratigraphical correlations among different areas inside the Nihewan Basin remained difficult in the past, which can be definitely attributed to the insufficient fossil discoveries on the southern bank of the river. It’s lucky enough that during the past decade, a new site named Shanshenmiaozui (SSMZ) was recovered and excavated at the edge of the Cenjiawan Platform at the southern bank of the Sangganhe River; totally 9 excavations were conducted at the site, which resulted in the finding of 1526 pieces of mammalian fossils belonging to 25 species (including undetermined species) and 23 of which are the common members of the Nihewan Fauna. Therefore, the Shanshenmiaozui Fauna should share the same age with the Nihewan Fauna, i.e. earlier than 1.7 MaBP. The fossiliferous layer of SSMZ site is slightly higher than the cultural layer at the neighboring Xiaochangliang (XCL) Site, and the result of stratigraphical correlation shows that the Xiaochangliang Site should be older than 1.36 MaBP as currently thought; furthermore, the ages of other sites in the adjacent area also should be reconsidered. In the area around Xiaochangliang site, basal gravels are frequently appearing, but their vertical positions in the strata and the degrees of sorting and rounding are variable; the present authors think the basal gravels are important evidences for site correlations and crucial for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Key words: Shanshenmiaozui at Nihewan, conclusion of excavations, mammalian fossils, Early Pleistocene

CLC Number:

Q915.86

TONG Haowen, ZHANG Bei, CHEN Xi, WANG Xiaomin, SUN Jijia. Chronological significance of the mammalian fauna from the Early Pleistocene Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin, northern China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 469-489.

Figures/Tables 10

References 72

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狭义泥河湾动物群分类沿革Classic Nihewan Fauna				山神庙咀动物群 SSMZ Fauna	德马尼西动物群 Dmanisi Fauna
Teilhard de Chardin^[39]	Barbour et al.^[38]	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau^[1]	本文¹⁾This paper	本文This paper	Hemmer, et al.^[54]
	Erinaceus sp.	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	-	Beremendia fissidens
	Siphneus sp.	Siphneus tingi	Yangia tingi	-	-
	Arvicola sp.	Arvicolidae gen indet.	Borsodia chinensis	-	Mimomys tornensis
		Alactaga cf. annulata	Allactaga sibirica	Allactaga sibirica
			Hystrix sp.	-	Hystrix sp.
	Lagomys plicidens	Ochotona complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	-
				Ochotona youngi	Ochotona ex gr. Ochotona lagreli minor
Canis megamastoides	Vulpes schlosseri	Canis (Nyctereutes) sinensis	Nyctereutes sinensis	Nyctereutes sp.	-
	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes chikushanensis	-	Vulpes alopecoides
Canis cf. lupus	Canis sp.	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis etruscus
		Canis chihliensis var. palmidens	Canis palmidens	-	-
		Canis chihliensis var. minor	Eucyon minor	-	-
	Ursus sp.	Ursus cf. etruscus	Ursus etruscus orientalis	-	Ursus etruscus
	Lutra sp.	Lutra licenti	Lutra licenti	-	-
		Mustela pachygnatha	Eirictis pachygnatha	-	-
Meles taxus	Meles taxus	Meles cf. leucurus	Meles chiai	-	Meles sp.
Machairodus sp.	Machairodus sp.	Machairodus nihowanensis	Megantereon nihowanensis	?Megantereon nihowanensis	Megantereon cultridens
			Homotherium crenatidens	-	Homotherium crenatidens
	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx pardinensis
	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	-	-
		Felis (Lynx) sp.	Lynx shansius	Lynx sp.	Lynx issiodorensis
				?Panthera sp.	Panthera onca georgica
		Hyaena sp.	Chasmaporthetes progressus	-	-
Hyaena ultima	Hyaena ultima	Hyaena sinensis	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta perrieri Pachycrocuta sp.
			Crocuta honanensis	-	-
	Elephas cf. trogontherii	Elephas namadicus	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus meridionalis
	Chalicotherid gen. indet.	Chalicotheridae gen. indet.	Postschizotherium chardini	-	-
	Hipparion sp.	Hipparion sinense	Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense	Hipparion sp.
Equus sp.	Equus sp.	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus stenonis
			Equus teilhardi	-	-
	Rhinoceros sp.	Rhinoceros cf. sinensis	Stephanorhinus yunchuchenensis	-	Stephanorhinus etruscus
	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Coelodonta nihowansis	Coelodonta nihowansis	-
	Rhinocerid gen. indet.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium peii	-
		Circotherium sp.	Hesperotherium sp.	-	-
	Sus sp.	Sus cf. lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	-
	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Paracamelus gigas	Paracamelus gigas	-
Cervus sp.	Cervulus cf. munjack	Cervulus cf. sinensis	Muntiacus bohlini	-	-
	Cervus cf. rusa	Cervus (Rusa) elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Dama (=Pseudodama =Cervus s.l.) cf. nestii
	Cervus cf. tetraceros	Cervus (Eucladoceros) boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros aff. tegulensis
Cervus sp.	Cervus sp.	Cervus (Elaphurus) bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	-
	Antilope gen. indet.	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Pontoceros sp.
			Spirocerus cf. peii	-
			?Antilospira robusta	-
Gazella sp.	Gazella sp.	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	-
		Gazella cf. subgutturosa	Gazella subgutturosa	-	-
		Antilope gen. indet.	Hydropotes sp.	-	-
	Ovis sp.	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis
		Ovis or Capra indet.	Ovis or Capra indet.	-	Capra dalii
	Euceratherium (?)	Ovibovine gen. indet.	Megalovis piveteaui	Megalovis piveteaui	Soergelia cf. minor
	Leptobos sp.	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison (Eobison) georgicus

狭义泥河湾动物群分类沿革Classic Nihewan Fauna				山神庙咀动物群 SSMZ Fauna	德马尼西动物群 Dmanisi Fauna
Teilhard de Chardin^[39]	Barbour et al.^[38]	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau^[1]	本文¹⁾This paper	本文This paper	Hemmer, et al.^[54]
	Erinaceus sp.	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	Erinaceus cf. dealbatus	-	Beremendia fissidens
	Siphneus sp.	Siphneus tingi	Yangia tingi	-	-
	Arvicola sp.	Arvicolidae gen indet.	Borsodia chinensis	-	Mimomys tornensis
		Alactaga cf. annulata	Allactaga sibirica	Allactaga sibirica
			Hystrix sp.	-	Hystrix sp.
	Lagomys plicidens	Ochotona complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	Ochotonoides complicidens	-
				Ochotona youngi	Ochotona ex gr. Ochotona lagreli minor
Canis megamastoides	Vulpes schlosseri	Canis (Nyctereutes) sinensis	Nyctereutes sinensis	Nyctereutes sp.	-
	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes sp.	Vulpes chikushanensis	-	Vulpes alopecoides
Canis cf. lupus	Canis sp.	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis chihliensis	Canis etruscus
		Canis chihliensis var. palmidens	Canis palmidens	-	-
		Canis chihliensis var. minor	Eucyon minor	-	-
	Ursus sp.	Ursus cf. etruscus	Ursus etruscus orientalis	-	Ursus etruscus
	Lutra sp.	Lutra licenti	Lutra licenti	-	-
		Mustela pachygnatha	Eirictis pachygnatha	-	-
Meles taxus	Meles taxus	Meles cf. leucurus	Meles chiai	-	Meles sp.
Machairodus sp.	Machairodus sp.	Machairodus nihowanensis	Megantereon nihowanensis	?Megantereon nihowanensis	Megantereon cultridens
			Homotherium crenatidens	-	Homotherium crenatidens
	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Cynailurus pleistocaenicus	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx sp.	Acinonyx pardinensis
	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	Felis sp.	-	-
		Felis (Lynx) sp.	Lynx shansius	Lynx sp.	Lynx issiodorensis
				?Panthera sp.	Panthera onca georgica
		Hyaena sp.	Chasmaporthetes progressus	-	-
Hyaena ultima	Hyaena ultima	Hyaena sinensis	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta licenti	Pachycrocuta perrieri Pachycrocuta sp.
			Crocuta honanensis	-	-
	Elephas cf. trogontherii	Elephas namadicus	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus trogontherii	Mammuthus meridionalis
	Chalicotherid gen. indet.	Chalicotheridae gen. indet.	Postschizotherium chardini	-	-
	Hipparion sp.	Hipparion sinense	Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense	Hipparion sp.
Equus sp.	Equus sp.	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus sanmeniensis	Equus stenonis
			Equus teilhardi	-	-
	Rhinoceros sp.	Rhinoceros cf. sinensis	Stephanorhinus yunchuchenensis	-	Stephanorhinus etruscus
	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Rhinoceros cf. tichorhinus	Coelodonta nihowansis	Coelodonta nihowansis	-
	Rhinocerid gen. indet.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium sp.	Elasmotherium peii	-
		Circotherium sp.	Hesperotherium sp.	-	-
	Sus sp.	Sus cf. lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	Sus lydekkeri	-
	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Camelus (Paracamelus) gigas	Paracamelus gigas	Paracamelus gigas	-
Cervus sp.	Cervulus cf. munjack	Cervulus cf. sinensis	Muntiacus bohlini	-	-
	Cervus cf. rusa	Cervus (Rusa) elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Nipponicervus elegans	Dama (=Pseudodama =Cervus s.l.) cf. nestii
	Cervus cf. tetraceros	Cervus (Eucladoceros) boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros boulei	Eucladoceros aff. tegulensis
Cervus sp.	Cervus sp.	Cervus (Elaphurus) bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	Elaphurus bifurcatus	-
	Antilope gen. indet.	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Spirocerus wongi	Pontoceros sp.
			Spirocerus cf. peii	-
			?Antilospira robusta	-
Gazella sp.	Gazella sp.	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	Gazella sinensis	-
		Gazella cf. subgutturosa	Gazella subgutturosa	-	-
		Antilope gen. indet.	Hydropotes sp.	-	-
	Ovis sp.	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis	Ovis shantungensis
		Ovis or Capra indet.	Ovis or Capra indet.	-	Capra dalii
	Euceratherium (?)	Ovibovine gen. indet.	Megalovis piveteaui	Megalovis piveteaui	Soergelia cf. minor
	Leptobos sp.	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison palaeosinensis	Bison (Eobison) georgicus