A preliminary study of the multi-crops planting system in the central plains of the early Shang Dynasty: Taking the Wangjinglou site in Xinzheng of Henan as an example

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0004

Abstract

Abstract:

The development of the agricultural economy is one of the most important prerequisites for the formation of the Chinese civilization. As the core area of the capital of the Xia and Shang dynasty, the Zhengluo area has always been the focus of academic research. Related research shows that the emergence of multi-crop planting systems in the Central Plains during the Longshan period may have played a vital role in the formation of the Chinese civilization. In order to explore the application of this planting system in the Central Plains in the early Shang Dynasty, this paper selects 29 cases of limbs and 23 cases of ribs of human at the Wangjinglou site, Xinzheng, Henan Province belonging to the Xia and Shang dynasty (from Erlitou culture to Erligang culture) and carry out the C and N stable isotope analysis. The results show that the δ¹³C value of the human bones varied from -18.1‰ to -7.0‰, with an average value of -9.5‰±2.1‰ (n=52), and the δ¹⁵N value varied from 7.3‰ to 10.5‰, with an average value of 8.9‰± 0.7‰ (n=52), indicating that people still relied primarily on C₄ foods, but also contained a small amount of C₃ foods, proving that the multi- crop planting system that emerged in the Central Plains since the Longshan period was continued in the Shang dynasty. However, the dominant position of millet-based agriculture has not changed significantly, which may be related to the traditional habit of dry farming in the Central Plains.

Key words: Wangjinglou, Shang dynasty, Central Plains, Multi-crop planting system, Carbon and Nitrogen stable isotope analysis

CLC Number:

Q948.5

WANG Ning, SANG Zhecheng, LIU Xiaobin, WU Qian. A preliminary study of the multi-crops planting system in the central plains of the early Shang Dynasty: Taking the Wangjinglou site in Xinzheng of Henan as an example[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(01): 96-107.

Figures/Tables 7

References 42

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序号/ No.	墓葬编号/Tomb No.	分期/ Period	年龄/ Age	年龄（中位数）/Age(median)	性别/Gender	骨骼类型/Bone type	δ¹³C	δ¹⁵N	C含量	N含量	C/N
1	M1	上层一期	35-40	37.5	女	肢骨	-10.8‰	8.4‰	19.78%	7.30%	3.2
2	M2	上层一期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肢骨	-11.1‰	7.9‰	36.44%	13.43%	3.2
3	M3	上层一期	45-50	47.5	女	肢骨	-9.7‰	8.3‰	42.23%	15.63%	3.2
3	M3	上层一期	45-50	47.5	女	肋骨	-9.8‰	8.5‰	44.50%	15.95%	3.3
4	M4	上层一期	40-45	42.5	女	肢骨	-11.3‰	9.9‰	35.89%	13.39%	3.1
4	M4	上层一期	40-45	42.5	女	肋骨	-9.5‰	9.8‰	44.58%	16.23%	3.2
5	M9	下层二期	45	45	男	肋骨	-7.4‰	10.1‰	44.75%	16.27%	3.2
6	M10	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-9.9‰	9.1‰	43.57%	16.05%	3.2
6	M10	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-9.8‰	8.9‰	41.09%	15.08%	3.2
7	M12	上层一期	30	30	男	肢骨	-8.4‰	9.6‰	42.96%	15.75%	3.2
8	M14	下层二期	30-35	32.5	女	肢骨	-9.3‰	7.5‰	41.70%	15.58%	3.1
8	M14	下层二期	30-35	32.5	女	肋骨	-9.2‰	7.8‰	44.06%	16.36%	3.1
9	M15	上层二期	40-45	42.5	男	肢骨	-10.4‰	9.2‰	37.27%	13.37%	3.3
9	M15	上层二期	40-45	42.5	男	肋骨	-7.5‰	9.0‰	43.30%	15.70%	3.2
10	M19	上层一期	40	40	女	肢骨	-10.1‰	8.9‰	38.20%	14.15%	3.2
11	M20	下层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肢骨	-7.1‰	9.2‰	44.05%	16.08%	3.2
11	M20	下层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肋骨	-7.3‰	9.2‰	44.52%	16.23%	3.2
12	M21	下层二期	40	40	男	肢骨	-7.7‰	8.8‰	43.46%	15.82%	3.2
13	M22	上层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肢骨	-7.1‰	7.9‰	48.19%	17.84%	3.2
13	M22	上层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肋骨	-7.6‰	8.2‰	43.25%	15.99%	3.2
14	M24	下层二期	30-40	35	男	肢骨	-8.6‰	9.6‰	39.66%	14.23%	3.3
15	M25	下层二期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肢骨	-7.9‰	9.5‰	42.88%	15.61%	3.2
15	M25	下层二期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肋骨	-8.0‰	9.2‰	42.24%	15.24%	3.2
16	M30	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-9.0‰	8.5‰	44.29%	16.00%	3.2
17	M31	上层二期	35	35	男	肢骨	-9.4‰	9.5‰	33.10%	12.10%	3.2
17	M31	上层二期	35	35	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	9.6‰	44.69%	16.27%	3.2
18	M32	上层二期	40-45	42.5	女	肢骨	-9.1‰	9.6‰	43.48%	16.03%	3.2
18	M32	上层二期	40-45	42.5	女	肋骨	-10.1‰	10.0‰	41.83%	14.99%	3.3
19	M40	下层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肢骨	-7.6‰	8.9‰	42.36%	15.32%	3.2
19	M40	下层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肋骨	-7.4‰	9.0‰	39.61%	14.39%	3.2
20	M45	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-9.3‰	7.3‰	44.29%	16.00%	3.2
21	M48	上层一期	6-8	7	?	肢骨	-10.7‰	7.9‰	40.42%	14.51%	3.3
21	M48	上层一期	6-8	7	?	肋骨	-10.8‰	8.1‰	38.66%	14.18%	3.2
22	M50	下层二期	10-13	11.5	?	肢骨	-10.8‰	8.4‰	40.34%	14.69%	3.2
22	M50	下层二期	10-13	11.5	?	肋骨	-10.2‰	8.0‰	44.48%	16.18%	3.2
23	M52	下层二期	40	40	男	肢骨	-9.4‰	8.4‰	44.09%	16.34%	3.1
23	M52	下层二期	40	40	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	8.3‰	41.75%	15.36%	3.2
24	M53	上层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-8.6‰	8.4‰	42.33%	15.10%	3.3
24	M53	上层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-8.7‰	8.5‰	43.83%	16.31%	3.1
25	M54	下层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肢骨	-10.6‰	9.8‰	39.25%	14.57%	3.1
25	M54	下层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肋骨	-7.9‰	9.7‰	43.64%	16.02%	3.2
26	M55	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-18.1‰	10.5‰	43.50%	15.87%	3.2
26	M55	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-13.1‰	9.6‰	43.13%	15.91%	3.2
27	M56	下层二期	2-3	2.5	?	肢骨	-13.7‰	8.7‰	43.78%	16.40%	3.1
27	M56	下层二期	2-3	2.5	?	肋骨	-13.6‰	8.9‰	43.50%	15.90%	3.2
28	M57	下层二期	5-6	5.5	?	肢骨	-12.8‰	8.6‰	42.40%	15.77%	3.1
29	M58	上层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肢骨	-7.8‰	8.2‰	42.99%	15.87%	3.2
29	M58	上层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肋骨	-7.5‰	9.2‰	43.51%	15.70%	3.2
30	M62	上层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肢骨	-7.0‰	9.6‰	42.99%	15.87%	3.2
30	M62	上层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	9.5‰	44.49%	16.28%	3.2
31	M64	下层二期	26-28	27	女	肢骨	-8.8‰	9.2‰	38.22%	14.11%	3.2
31	M64	下层二期	26-28	27	女	肋骨	-9.0‰	9.2‰	41.91%	15.26%	3.2

序号/ No.	墓葬编号/Tomb No.	分期/ Period	年龄/ Age	年龄（中位数）/Age(median)	性别/Gender	骨骼类型/Bone type	δ¹³C	δ¹⁵N	C含量	N含量	C/N
1	M1	上层一期	35-40	37.5	女	肢骨	-10.8‰	8.4‰	19.78%	7.30%	3.2
2	M2	上层一期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肢骨	-11.1‰	7.9‰	36.44%	13.43%	3.2
3	M3	上层一期	45-50	47.5	女	肢骨	-9.7‰	8.3‰	42.23%	15.63%	3.2
3	M3	上层一期	45-50	47.5	女	肋骨	-9.8‰	8.5‰	44.50%	15.95%	3.3
4	M4	上层一期	40-45	42.5	女	肢骨	-11.3‰	9.9‰	35.89%	13.39%	3.1
4	M4	上层一期	40-45	42.5	女	肋骨	-9.5‰	9.8‰	44.58%	16.23%	3.2
5	M9	下层二期	45	45	男	肋骨	-7.4‰	10.1‰	44.75%	16.27%	3.2
6	M10	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-9.9‰	9.1‰	43.57%	16.05%	3.2
6	M10	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-9.8‰	8.9‰	41.09%	15.08%	3.2
7	M12	上层一期	30	30	男	肢骨	-8.4‰	9.6‰	42.96%	15.75%	3.2
8	M14	下层二期	30-35	32.5	女	肢骨	-9.3‰	7.5‰	41.70%	15.58%	3.1
8	M14	下层二期	30-35	32.5	女	肋骨	-9.2‰	7.8‰	44.06%	16.36%	3.1
9	M15	上层二期	40-45	42.5	男	肢骨	-10.4‰	9.2‰	37.27%	13.37%	3.3
9	M15	上层二期	40-45	42.5	男	肋骨	-7.5‰	9.0‰	43.30%	15.70%	3.2
10	M19	上层一期	40	40	女	肢骨	-10.1‰	8.9‰	38.20%	14.15%	3.2
11	M20	下层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肢骨	-7.1‰	9.2‰	44.05%	16.08%	3.2
11	M20	下层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肋骨	-7.3‰	9.2‰	44.52%	16.23%	3.2
12	M21	下层二期	40	40	男	肢骨	-7.7‰	8.8‰	43.46%	15.82%	3.2
13	M22	上层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肢骨	-7.1‰	7.9‰	48.19%	17.84%	3.2
13	M22	上层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肋骨	-7.6‰	8.2‰	43.25%	15.99%	3.2
14	M24	下层二期	30-40	35	男	肢骨	-8.6‰	9.6‰	39.66%	14.23%	3.3
15	M25	下层二期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肢骨	-7.9‰	9.5‰	42.88%	15.61%	3.2
15	M25	下层二期	未知年龄-壮年	—	女	肋骨	-8.0‰	9.2‰	42.24%	15.24%	3.2
16	M30	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-9.0‰	8.5‰	44.29%	16.00%	3.2
17	M31	上层二期	35	35	男	肢骨	-9.4‰	9.5‰	33.10%	12.10%	3.2
17	M31	上层二期	35	35	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	9.6‰	44.69%	16.27%	3.2
18	M32	上层二期	40-45	42.5	女	肢骨	-9.1‰	9.6‰	43.48%	16.03%	3.2
18	M32	上层二期	40-45	42.5	女	肋骨	-10.1‰	10.0‰	41.83%	14.99%	3.3
19	M40	下层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肢骨	-7.6‰	8.9‰	42.36%	15.32%	3.2
19	M40	下层二期	35-40	37.5	男	肋骨	-7.4‰	9.0‰	39.61%	14.39%	3.2
20	M45	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-9.3‰	7.3‰	44.29%	16.00%	3.2
21	M48	上层一期	6-8	7	?	肢骨	-10.7‰	7.9‰	40.42%	14.51%	3.3
21	M48	上层一期	6-8	7	?	肋骨	-10.8‰	8.1‰	38.66%	14.18%	3.2
22	M50	下层二期	10-13	11.5	?	肢骨	-10.8‰	8.4‰	40.34%	14.69%	3.2
22	M50	下层二期	10-13	11.5	?	肋骨	-10.2‰	8.0‰	44.48%	16.18%	3.2
23	M52	下层二期	40	40	男	肢骨	-9.4‰	8.4‰	44.09%	16.34%	3.1
23	M52	下层二期	40	40	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	8.3‰	41.75%	15.36%	3.2
24	M53	上层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-8.6‰	8.4‰	42.33%	15.10%	3.3
24	M53	上层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-8.7‰	8.5‰	43.83%	16.31%	3.1
25	M54	下层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肢骨	-10.6‰	9.8‰	39.25%	14.57%	3.1
25	M54	下层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肋骨	-7.9‰	9.7‰	43.64%	16.02%	3.2
26	M55	下层二期	30	30	女	肢骨	-18.1‰	10.5‰	43.50%	15.87%	3.2
26	M55	下层二期	30	30	女	肋骨	-13.1‰	9.6‰	43.13%	15.91%	3.2
27	M56	下层二期	2-3	2.5	?	肢骨	-13.7‰	8.7‰	43.78%	16.40%	3.1
27	M56	下层二期	2-3	2.5	?	肋骨	-13.6‰	8.9‰	43.50%	15.90%	3.2
28	M57	下层二期	5-6	5.5	?	肢骨	-12.8‰	8.6‰	42.40%	15.77%	3.1
29	M58	上层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肢骨	-7.8‰	8.2‰	42.99%	15.87%	3.2
29	M58	上层二期	30-35	32.5	男	肋骨	-7.5‰	9.2‰	43.51%	15.70%	3.2
30	M62	上层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肢骨	-7.0‰	9.6‰	42.99%	15.87%	3.2
30	M62	上层二期	25-30	27.5	男	肋骨	-8.9‰	9.5‰	44.49%	16.28%	3.2
31	M64	下层二期	26-28	27	女	肢骨	-8.8‰	9.2‰	38.22%	14.11%	3.2
31	M64	下层二期	26-28	27	女	肋骨	-9.0‰	9.2‰	41.91%	15.26%	3.2

遗址/Sites	时代/Period	绝对年代/Absolute age	数量/ n₀	δ¹³C 值分布/n			参考文献 References
遗址/Sites	时代/Period	绝对年代/Absolute age	数量/ n₀	<-18‰	-18‰~ -12‰	>-12‰	参考文献 References
新砦	夏代早期	约1850-1750BC	8	0	0	8	[10]
南寨	夏代中晚期	约2070-1600BC	9	0	0	9	[8]
二里头	夏代	约2070-1600BC	22	0	2	20	[9]
南洼	夏代-商代晚期	约2070-1046BC	19	0	0	19	[11]
刘庄	夏代	约2070-1600BC	21	0	2	19	[12]
南城	夏代	约2070-1600BC	5	0	0	5	[13]
偃师商城	商代早期-中期	约1600-1250BC	3	0	0	3	[8]
小双桥	商代中期	约1400-1250BC	51	0	4	47	[14]
殷墟	商代晚期	约1250-1046BC	160	1	1	158	[8, 17-18]
望京楼	夏代-商代早期	约2070-1300BC	30	0	5	47	本研究
总数			328	1	14	335

遗址/Sites	时代/Period	绝对年代/Absolute age	数量/ n₀	δ¹³C 值分布/n			参考文献 References
遗址/Sites	时代/Period	绝对年代/Absolute age	数量/ n₀	<-18‰	-18‰~ -12‰	>-12‰	参考文献 References
新砦	夏代早期	约1850-1750BC	8	0	0	8	[10]
南寨	夏代中晚期	约2070-1600BC	9	0	0	9	[8]
二里头	夏代	约2070-1600BC	22	0	2	20	[9]
南洼	夏代-商代晚期	约2070-1046BC	19	0	0	19	[11]
刘庄	夏代	约2070-1600BC	21	0	2	19	[12]
南城	夏代	约2070-1600BC	5	0	0	5	[13]
偃师商城	商代早期-中期	约1600-1250BC	3	0	0	3	[8]
小双桥	商代中期	约1400-1250BC	51	0	4	47	[14]
殷墟	商代晚期	约1250-1046BC	160	1	1	158	[8, 17-18]
望京楼	夏代-商代早期	约2070-1300BC	30	0	5	47	本研究
总数			328	1	14	335