Phenotypic characteristics of the head and face of Chinese Altaic-speaking peoples

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0049

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, we investigated 14 cephalo-facial anthropometric indices of 3622 samples (male 1611, female 2011) in eight different Altaic-speaking populations including the Man, Oroqen, Ewenki, Hezhen, Kirgiz, Tatar, Kazak and Daur, which are from four different provinces and autonomous regions in China. In order to explore population structure and affinity of these populations, this study cited nine published datasets for the Uygur, Uzbek, Salar, Yugur, Mongol, Bonan, Dongxiang, Tu and Xibe to construct a cephalo-facial anthropometric database of Chinese Altaic-speaking populations with 6217 individuals (male 2921, female 3296). Through cluster analysis, we constructed phylogenetic trees for 17 ethnic groups within three language groups in the Altaic language family. Based on cephalo-facial anthropometric values, we found population structures were the same between different genders. There were also similar cephalo-facial phenotypes between different populations of the same language group, and significant admixture between populations from different language groups. Mongolic-speaking populations distributed closely than other Altaic speakers, as these speakers shared similar cephalo-facial characteristics. We also found regional differences in the cephalo-facial characteristics of the Daur and Kirgiz populations. This may be attributed to different population admixture and lifestyles, and it reminded us that similar populations in different regions exhibit different phenotypes. Therefore, we conclude that research of phenotypes should be carried out in different regions. In this study, there were correlations between latitude and bigonial breadth, nose breadth, mouth breadth and ear length, but a correlation was not found between longitude and cephalo-facial indices. This study provides evidence for complex population admixture history of Altaic-speaking populations, and illustrates phylogenetic relationships of different populations based on cephalo-facial criteria. The results of this study show that populations of the same language group may have a common origin, and that there is a complex population exchange and admixture history in Altaic-speaking populations. Due to limited anthropometric indices and sample size, it is still unclear of the exact nature of the population structure, migration and admixture history of Altaic-speaking populations.

Key words: Cephalo-face, Altai, Language group, Population structure, Admixture

CLC Number:

Q984

ZHANG Xianpeng, WEN Youfeng, LI Wenhui, LI Xin, QU Quanying, XU Guochang. Phenotypic characteristics of the head and face of Chinese Altaic-speaking peoples[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(03): 342-358.

Figures/Tables 8

References 42

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性别Gender	指标Items		维吾尔族Uygur	哈萨克族Kazak	南疆柯尔克孜族South Kirgiz	北疆柯尔克孜族North Kirgiz	乌孜别克族Uzbek	塔塔尔族Tatar	撒拉族Salar	裕固族Yugur
男 Male	头长L(Head)	L_min	-	124	155	158	169	171	172	-
		L_max	-	199	210.3	198.5	200	218.5	295	-
		L_ave	181.3	177.5	181.7	185.1	183.3	189.1	190.4	190.4
		σ_L	8.8	12.1	9.3	7.3	6.4	10.6	12.3	0.8
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	-	108	126	130	145	145	128	-
		b_max	-	172	195	170	172	195	168	-
		b_ave	154.3	147.1	148.8	151.2	160	160.6	151.9	151
		σ_b	8.6	10.3	9.1	7.6	6	10.9	5.9	0.6
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	-	87	62	90	101	73	101	-
		b_max	-	187	129	120	127	142	146	-
		b_ave	111	123.3	91.8	103.6	115.3	101.8	118.6	131.2
		σ_b	6.1	18	12.7	7.4	6.1	12.1	8.1	0.6
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	-	109	95	133	135	114	129	-
		b_max	-	181	173	180	165	170	153	-
		b_ave	136.9	141.6	132.1	162.2	145.7	137.9	142.7	130.7
		σ_b	10.9	16.3	11.3	8.9	6	12	5.2	0.6
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	-	70	71	98	102	92	100	-
		b_max	-	162	142	138	135	142	199	-
		b_ave	114	118.4	113	117.3	116.6	115.5	120.9	115.1
		σ_b	8.7	19.9	12.2	7.8	7.7	11.6	10.2	0.6
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	-	23	19.1	23	26	26	26	-
		b_max	-	48	45.1	42	35	38.5	43	-
		b_ave	32.5	33.2	31.7	32.8	31.2	33	34.8	35.4
		σ_b	3.6	3.7	4.9	3.7	2.6	2.9	3.2	0.2
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	-	71.5	63	82	84	77	65	-
		b_max	-	119	119	112	102	108	108	-
		b_ave	95	98.3	98.2	96.8	94.2	93.2	93	90.8
		σ_b	6.3	6.9	7.2	6.2	3.9	6.5	6.1	0.3
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	-	30	30	30	28	31.4	23	-
		b_max	-	59	61	48	42	70.5	45	-
		b_ave	36.3	38.5	39	38.5	34.9	40.6	35.7	37.4
		σ_b	3.5	3.8	4.5	3.7	3.3	6	3	0.2
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	-	41	31	44	40	40.4	35	-
		b_max	-	72	90.2	65	61	72.5	57	-
		b_ave	48	55.8	56.6	53.5	51.4	58.2	47.7	50.1
		σ_b	4.5	5.3	7.6	4.7	3.8	6	4.1	0.3
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	-	120	146	143	154	164.5	126	-
		H_max	-	216	243	207	201	215	220	-
		H_ave	192.9	191.6	187.6	186.2	187.4	190.3	190.9	185.1
		σ_H	9.1	11.1	15.6	10.4	9	11	11.8	0.9
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	-	99	89	104	105	102.5	110	-
		H_max	-	152.5	188	135	138	153.5	188	-
		H_ave	128	128.7	121.9	119.4	121.7	132.2	124.1	135
		σ_H	7.3	10	10.8	6.7	6.1	9.6	8.9	0.7
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	-	40	43	36	45	52	44	-
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	-	80	78	67	62	91	65	-
男 Male		H_ave	50.9	60	58.6	53.2	52.7	67.9	53.4	62.9
男 Male		σ_H	3.8	7.7	6.6	4.9	3.8	7.4	3.9	0.4
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	-	50	47	53	52	43	52	-
		L_max	-	82.5	88	78	80	83	95	-
		L_ave	64.1	66.9	62.5	67.4	66.6	68.2	63.8	66
		σ_L	5.1	6.3	6.4	5.2	5.1	7.4	5.8	0.4
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	-	23	21	23	29	20	24	-
		b_max	-	44	44	40	40	44.5	39	-
		b_ave	33.1	31.4	32.1	32.7	32.8	30.8	31.4	33.4
		σ_b	3.2	3.3	3.7	3	2.7	4.3	3.2	0.2
女 Female	头长L(Head)	L_min	-	133	131	154	155	160	160	-
女 Female		L_max	-	195	210	195	180	210.5	197	-
		L_ave	171.5	166.7	174.5	175.4	170.7	182.9	176.1	184.4
		σ_L	9.5	12.6	10	7.3	6.6	12.2	8	0.6
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	-	102	122	130	140	135	133	-
		b_max	-	172	184.2	158	160	190	159	-
		b_ave	146.7	141.1	144.1	145.7	152.3	156	143.6	148
		σ_b	10.6	10.9	9.3	5.9	5.7	11.4	5.3	0.5
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	-	85	50	82	96	72	92	-
		b_max	-	175	132	116.5	118	149	141	-
		b_ave	106.9	118	86	100.5	110.8	96.2	116.5	128.9
		σ_b	5.5	19.1	13.1	7.5	6.1	13.9	7.4	0.7
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	-	103	90	132	123	113	120	-
		b_max	-	169	171	185	152	168	150	-
		b_ave	129	135.3	127.3	157.2	137.6	133.8	134.6	126.4
		σ_b	10.2	15.5	11.4	8.6	5.7	13.4	4.9	0.7
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	-	71	70	90	96	90	94	-
		b_max	-	159	142.5	125	126	160	171	-
		b_ave	105.6	111.2	106.4	110.1	109.2	113.1	113.9	110.9
		σ_b	6.5	19.4	12.3	6.9	7.7	18.2	9.3	0.6
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	-	20	19	21.5	25	25.5	23	-
		b_max	-	47	46.9	43	36	40	40	-
		b_ave	31.4	32.4	31	32.1	30.5	34.1	33.8	34.8
		σ_b	3	3.5	4.9	3.9	2.8	3.3	2.8	0.3
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	-	70	51	79	81	76	53	-
		b_max	-	115	116.1	114	98	104.5	103	-
		b_ave	92.5	94.9	95.2	93.8	90.8	89.3	90.4	87.2
		σ_b	6.5	6.4	7.3	6.3	4.3	6.6	6	0.4
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	-	25	23	29	27	31	20	-
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_max	-	55.3	56	43	45	46.1	38	-
		b_ave	33.4	35.4	35.2	35.5	32	37.4	31.8	34.9
		σ_b	3.2	3.5	4.6	3.3	2.9	3.7	2.9	0.2
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	-	34	31	39	39	42	31	-
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	-	67.5	77	60	58	68	56	-
		b_ave	44.6	52.7	51.9	50.3	47.7	54.9	44.2	48.3
		σ_b	4.4	5.1	6.9	4.3	4.8	5.6	4.4	0.3
女Female	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	-	120	137	140	150	160	108	-
女Female		H_max	-	208	246	202.5	192	203.5	205	-
		H_ave	181.6	184.8	179.9	183	177.8	179.1	175.7	172.8
		σ_H	8.5	9.5	15.4	10.7	9.7	11.1	11.4	0.8
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	-	93	81	100	98	103	68	-
		H_max	-	150	185	132	124	142	132	-
		H_ave	118.5	122.1	112.9	113.5	112	121.8	113.4	126.8
		σ_H	7.5	10.2	10.5	6.6	5.3	10.3	7.8	0.6
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	-	38	32	39	39	50	39	-
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	-	76	72	65	57	94	59	-
		H_ave	46	57.1	53.3	51.5	48.1	61.7	49.1	59.9
		σ_H	3.5	7.5	6.4	4.8	3.7	7.7	3.9	0.3
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	-	50	40.2	52	54	42.5	46	-
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	-	85	77	77	75	74.3	68	-
		L_ave	60.6	65.5	59.1	65.6	65.3	63.4	59	62.8
		σ_L	4.7	6.4	5.8	5.6	5.4	7.1	4.6	0.4
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	-	20	20	20	25	21	19	-
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_max	-	41	45	40	37	46.5	36	-
		b_ave	31.2	29.6	29.5	31.6	30.7	28.2	28.2	30.7
		σ_b	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.9	2.9	5.1	3.1	0.2

性别Gender	指标Items		维吾尔族Uygur	哈萨克族Kazak	南疆柯尔克孜族South Kirgiz	北疆柯尔克孜族North Kirgiz	乌孜别克族Uzbek	塔塔尔族Tatar	撒拉族Salar	裕固族Yugur
男 Male	头长L(Head)	L_min	-	124	155	158	169	171	172	-
		L_max	-	199	210.3	198.5	200	218.5	295	-
		L_ave	181.3	177.5	181.7	185.1	183.3	189.1	190.4	190.4
		σ_L	8.8	12.1	9.3	7.3	6.4	10.6	12.3	0.8
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	-	108	126	130	145	145	128	-
		b_max	-	172	195	170	172	195	168	-
		b_ave	154.3	147.1	148.8	151.2	160	160.6	151.9	151
		σ_b	8.6	10.3	9.1	7.6	6	10.9	5.9	0.6
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	-	87	62	90	101	73	101	-
		b_max	-	187	129	120	127	142	146	-
		b_ave	111	123.3	91.8	103.6	115.3	101.8	118.6	131.2
		σ_b	6.1	18	12.7	7.4	6.1	12.1	8.1	0.6
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	-	109	95	133	135	114	129	-
		b_max	-	181	173	180	165	170	153	-
		b_ave	136.9	141.6	132.1	162.2	145.7	137.9	142.7	130.7
		σ_b	10.9	16.3	11.3	8.9	6	12	5.2	0.6
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	-	70	71	98	102	92	100	-
		b_max	-	162	142	138	135	142	199	-
		b_ave	114	118.4	113	117.3	116.6	115.5	120.9	115.1
		σ_b	8.7	19.9	12.2	7.8	7.7	11.6	10.2	0.6
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	-	23	19.1	23	26	26	26	-
		b_max	-	48	45.1	42	35	38.5	43	-
		b_ave	32.5	33.2	31.7	32.8	31.2	33	34.8	35.4
		σ_b	3.6	3.7	4.9	3.7	2.6	2.9	3.2	0.2
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	-	71.5	63	82	84	77	65	-
		b_max	-	119	119	112	102	108	108	-
		b_ave	95	98.3	98.2	96.8	94.2	93.2	93	90.8
		σ_b	6.3	6.9	7.2	6.2	3.9	6.5	6.1	0.3
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	-	30	30	30	28	31.4	23	-
		b_max	-	59	61	48	42	70.5	45	-
		b_ave	36.3	38.5	39	38.5	34.9	40.6	35.7	37.4
		σ_b	3.5	3.8	4.5	3.7	3.3	6	3	0.2
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	-	41	31	44	40	40.4	35	-
		b_max	-	72	90.2	65	61	72.5	57	-
		b_ave	48	55.8	56.6	53.5	51.4	58.2	47.7	50.1
		σ_b	4.5	5.3	7.6	4.7	3.8	6	4.1	0.3
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	-	120	146	143	154	164.5	126	-
		H_max	-	216	243	207	201	215	220	-
		H_ave	192.9	191.6	187.6	186.2	187.4	190.3	190.9	185.1
		σ_H	9.1	11.1	15.6	10.4	9	11	11.8	0.9
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	-	99	89	104	105	102.5	110	-
		H_max	-	152.5	188	135	138	153.5	188	-
		H_ave	128	128.7	121.9	119.4	121.7	132.2	124.1	135
		σ_H	7.3	10	10.8	6.7	6.1	9.6	8.9	0.7
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	-	40	43	36	45	52	44	-
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	-	80	78	67	62	91	65	-
男 Male		H_ave	50.9	60	58.6	53.2	52.7	67.9	53.4	62.9
男 Male		σ_H	3.8	7.7	6.6	4.9	3.8	7.4	3.9	0.4
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	-	50	47	53	52	43	52	-
		L_max	-	82.5	88	78	80	83	95	-
		L_ave	64.1	66.9	62.5	67.4	66.6	68.2	63.8	66
		σ_L	5.1	6.3	6.4	5.2	5.1	7.4	5.8	0.4
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	-	23	21	23	29	20	24	-
		b_max	-	44	44	40	40	44.5	39	-
		b_ave	33.1	31.4	32.1	32.7	32.8	30.8	31.4	33.4
		σ_b	3.2	3.3	3.7	3	2.7	4.3	3.2	0.2
女 Female	头长L(Head)	L_min	-	133	131	154	155	160	160	-
女 Female		L_max	-	195	210	195	180	210.5	197	-
		L_ave	171.5	166.7	174.5	175.4	170.7	182.9	176.1	184.4
		σ_L	9.5	12.6	10	7.3	6.6	12.2	8	0.6
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	-	102	122	130	140	135	133	-
		b_max	-	172	184.2	158	160	190	159	-
		b_ave	146.7	141.1	144.1	145.7	152.3	156	143.6	148
		σ_b	10.6	10.9	9.3	5.9	5.7	11.4	5.3	0.5
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	-	85	50	82	96	72	92	-
		b_max	-	175	132	116.5	118	149	141	-
		b_ave	106.9	118	86	100.5	110.8	96.2	116.5	128.9
		σ_b	5.5	19.1	13.1	7.5	6.1	13.9	7.4	0.7
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	-	103	90	132	123	113	120	-
		b_max	-	169	171	185	152	168	150	-
		b_ave	129	135.3	127.3	157.2	137.6	133.8	134.6	126.4
		σ_b	10.2	15.5	11.4	8.6	5.7	13.4	4.9	0.7
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	-	71	70	90	96	90	94	-
		b_max	-	159	142.5	125	126	160	171	-
		b_ave	105.6	111.2	106.4	110.1	109.2	113.1	113.9	110.9
		σ_b	6.5	19.4	12.3	6.9	7.7	18.2	9.3	0.6
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	-	20	19	21.5	25	25.5	23	-
		b_max	-	47	46.9	43	36	40	40	-
		b_ave	31.4	32.4	31	32.1	30.5	34.1	33.8	34.8
		σ_b	3	3.5	4.9	3.9	2.8	3.3	2.8	0.3
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	-	70	51	79	81	76	53	-
		b_max	-	115	116.1	114	98	104.5	103	-
		b_ave	92.5	94.9	95.2	93.8	90.8	89.3	90.4	87.2
		σ_b	6.5	6.4	7.3	6.3	4.3	6.6	6	0.4
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	-	25	23	29	27	31	20	-
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_max	-	55.3	56	43	45	46.1	38	-
		b_ave	33.4	35.4	35.2	35.5	32	37.4	31.8	34.9
		σ_b	3.2	3.5	4.6	3.3	2.9	3.7	2.9	0.2
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	-	34	31	39	39	42	31	-
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	-	67.5	77	60	58	68	56	-
		b_ave	44.6	52.7	51.9	50.3	47.7	54.9	44.2	48.3
		σ_b	4.4	5.1	6.9	4.3	4.8	5.6	4.4	0.3
女Female	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	-	120	137	140	150	160	108	-
女Female		H_max	-	208	246	202.5	192	203.5	205	-
		H_ave	181.6	184.8	179.9	183	177.8	179.1	175.7	172.8
		σ_H	8.5	9.5	15.4	10.7	9.7	11.1	11.4	0.8
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	-	93	81	100	98	103	68	-
		H_max	-	150	185	132	124	142	132	-
		H_ave	118.5	122.1	112.9	113.5	112	121.8	113.4	126.8
		σ_H	7.5	10.2	10.5	6.6	5.3	10.3	7.8	0.6
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	-	38	32	39	39	50	39	-
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	-	76	72	65	57	94	59	-
		H_ave	46	57.1	53.3	51.5	48.1	61.7	49.1	59.9
		σ_H	3.5	7.5	6.4	4.8	3.7	7.7	3.9	0.3
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	-	50	40.2	52	54	42.5	46	-
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	-	85	77	77	75	74.3	68	-
		L_ave	60.6	65.5	59.1	65.6	65.3	63.4	59	62.8
		σ_L	4.7	6.4	5.8	5.6	5.4	7.1	4.6	0.4
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	-	20	20	20	25	21	19	-
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_max	-	41	45	40	37	46.5	36	-
		b_ave	31.2	29.6	29.5	31.6	30.7	28.2	28.2	30.7
		σ_b	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.9	2.9	5.1	3.1	0.2

性别Gender	指标Indices		蒙古族Mongol	内蒙古达斡尔族 Inner Mongolia Daur	新疆达斡尔族Xinjiang Daur	保安族Bonan	东乡族Dongxiang	土族Tu
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_min	170	157	162	160	174	175
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_max	208	215	210	202	204	213
		L_ave	188.9	183.5	188.4	186.9	188.6	190.3
		σ_L	7.5	14.8	8.3	5.6	5.6	6.6
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	142	123	134.5	128	135	134
	头宽b(Head)	b_max	185	178	172	159	160	161
		b_ave	158.7	151.1	156.5	148.9	146.9	147.1
		σ_b	7.2	13.4	7.7	4.9	5.1	4.6
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	88	81.5	91.5	84	89	95
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	138	135	160	114	116	130
		b_ave	106.1	107.5	116.9	102	102.3	109.2
		σ_b	7.1	11.9	10.8	5.1	4.7	5.7
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	115	115	123	122	125	128
	面宽b(Face)	b_max	167	165	169	153	150	149
		b_ave	147.6	138.5	147.9	140.3	140.1	139
		σ_b	7.3	11.2	10.5	4.7	4.8	4.2
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	114	85	94	94	100	20
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	142	145	159	124	129	137
		b_ave	117.9	121.9	116.2	110.1	110.1	112.1
		σ_b	11.7	12.1	10.6	5.4	5	13.1
男Male	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	29	20	21	27	27	29
男Male	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_max	75	43	40	40	42	43
		b_ave	35.6	30.1	31.7	33.3	34.4	36
		σ_b	5	5	3.6	2.9	2.9	2.7
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	42	71	73	77	79	81
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	107	114	109.9	97	97	103
		b_ave	87.1	95.1	92	86.4	87.7	93.4
		σ_b	7.2	7.9	6.5	4.2	4.2	4.4
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	32	31	35	30	16	30
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_max	52	48.2	49.2	41	43	46
		b_ave	39.6	38.5	40.5	35.4	36	36.6
		σ_b	3.5	3.8	3.6	2.4	3.4	2.7
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	42	41	40.9	42	42	38
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	91	80	69.5	58	65	58
		b_ave	51.4	58.6	54.7	50.1	52.1	48.5
		σ_b	5.5	7.9	5.3	3.7	4.4	3.9
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic face)	H_min	176	175	157.3	170	171	172
		H_max	225	220	250	215	209	216
		H_ave	197.9	203.7	192.6	189.5	189.6	193.2
		σ_H	8.2	9.5	11	9.7	8.3	9.1
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	100	101	109	112	108	103
		H_max	146	145.5	168	144	148	188
		H_ave	121.2	120.9	136	128.6	128.7	124.6
		σ_H	7	11.2	9.9	7.3	6.1	9
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	39	35	56	44	32	39
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	154	69	87.5	67	66	59
		H_ave	50.2	52	69.2	56.1	56.4	51.3
		σ_H	10.9	8.3	6.2	4.2	4.1	3.7
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	55	46	52	54	52	53
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	92	83	85.5	76	77	96
		L_ave	72	66	69.6	62.6	63.5	62.9
		σ_L	6.7	7.9	6.6	4.3	4.8	6
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	20	20	21	21	21	24
		b_max	42	40	40.5	38	38	38
		b_ave	33.8	30.2	31.5	31.7	31.8	34.5
		σ_b	3.6	4.2	4.3	2.5	2.8	2.8
女Female	头长L(Head)	L_min	164	158	161	164	169	171
女Female		L_max	193	214	209	192	193	202
		L_ave	179.1	178.4	181.4	179.4	180.7	182.7
		σ_L	5.7	12	8.8	5.1	4.9	5.8
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	134	124	131.5	133	125	132
	头宽b(Head)	b_max	169	170	174	155	157	157
		b_ave	150.3	143.4	150.4	143.3	139.4	143.1
		σ_b	6	10.1	8.3	4.5	5.2	4.9
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	88	76	95	91	91	97
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	119	127	152.1	117	111	129
女Female		b_ave	102.8	102	113.4	100.4	100.3	109.4
女Female		σ_b	5.8	10.2	8.1	4.9	4.1	11.1
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	128	107	120	119	122	125
	面宽b(Face)	b_max	154	163	164	148	145	147
		b_ave	138.6	130.9	141.5	134	132.9	134.1
		σ_b	5.4	12	10.1	5.1	4.4	4.2
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	90	84	92	94	91	95
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	131	144.5	160	140	117	126
		b_ave	110.6	111.1	110.5	105.2	105	108.2
		σ_b	6.9	12.9	11.2	6	4.6	5.9
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	26	17	21	27	27	27
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_max	46	41.5	40.5	43	40	42
		b_ave	33.9	27.6	31.7	33.1	33.9	35.1
		σ_b	2.8	5.6	3.5	2.8	2.4	2.6
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	64	68	71.5	72	72	79
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	95	112	108	96	97	101
		b_ave	83	93.2	88.1	85.5	85.6	91.1
		σ_b	6.2	7.8	6.8	4.1	4	4.5
	鼻宽b(Nose )	b_min	29	26	31	24	27	27
	鼻宽b(Nose )	b_max	44	44.9	48	38	36	41
		b_ave	35.8	35.2	36.5	32.5	32.1	32.9
		σ_b	2.7	3.7	2.9	2.4	2.1	2.4
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	38	41	40	40	37	35
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	60	81	68	57	60	55
		b_ave	47.2	55.6	51	48.6	49.3	45.8
		σ_b	3.6	7	5	3.8	3.8	3.3
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	159	172	160	151	159	158
		H_max	214	217	211.5	202	203	199
		H_ave	189.1	196.6	183.6	180.6	180.5	178.5
		σ_H	8.7	10.9	8.2	8.6	8.7	7.9
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	98	93	112	100	107	100
		H_max	130	140.5	162	133	142	131
		H_ave	114.2	113	128.5	120.7	120.8	113.7
		σ_H	6.5	10.1	8	6.1	6.4	5.1
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	37	32.9	41	43	42	39
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	55	64.9	78	62	63	56
		H_ave	46.4	49.2	63.7	52	52.1	46.4
		σ_H	3.4	6.5	5.7	3.9	4	3.2
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	52	48	50	41	45	48
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	85	82	84.5	67	67	70
		L_ave	66.8	65.4	65.6	57.8	57	59.1
		σ_L	5.7	6.6	6.3	4.3	4	4.3
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	21	21	21	23	22	19
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_max	42	40.5	43	38	60	38
		b_ave	32.3	29.6	30.4	28.3	28.5	28.5
		σ_b	3.3	4.2	4.8	2.2	3.9	2.9

性别Gender	指标Indices		蒙古族Mongol	内蒙古达斡尔族 Inner Mongolia Daur	新疆达斡尔族Xinjiang Daur	保安族Bonan	东乡族Dongxiang	土族Tu
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_min	170	157	162	160	174	175
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_max	208	215	210	202	204	213
		L_ave	188.9	183.5	188.4	186.9	188.6	190.3
		σ_L	7.5	14.8	8.3	5.6	5.6	6.6
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	142	123	134.5	128	135	134
	头宽b(Head)	b_max	185	178	172	159	160	161
		b_ave	158.7	151.1	156.5	148.9	146.9	147.1
		σ_b	7.2	13.4	7.7	4.9	5.1	4.6
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	88	81.5	91.5	84	89	95
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	138	135	160	114	116	130
		b_ave	106.1	107.5	116.9	102	102.3	109.2
		σ_b	7.1	11.9	10.8	5.1	4.7	5.7
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	115	115	123	122	125	128
	面宽b(Face)	b_max	167	165	169	153	150	149
		b_ave	147.6	138.5	147.9	140.3	140.1	139
		σ_b	7.3	11.2	10.5	4.7	4.8	4.2
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	114	85	94	94	100	20
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	142	145	159	124	129	137
		b_ave	117.9	121.9	116.2	110.1	110.1	112.1
		σ_b	11.7	12.1	10.6	5.4	5	13.1
男Male	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	29	20	21	27	27	29
男Male	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_max	75	43	40	40	42	43
		b_ave	35.6	30.1	31.7	33.3	34.4	36
		σ_b	5	5	3.6	2.9	2.9	2.7
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	42	71	73	77	79	81
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	107	114	109.9	97	97	103
		b_ave	87.1	95.1	92	86.4	87.7	93.4
		σ_b	7.2	7.9	6.5	4.2	4.2	4.4
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	32	31	35	30	16	30
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_max	52	48.2	49.2	41	43	46
		b_ave	39.6	38.5	40.5	35.4	36	36.6
		σ_b	3.5	3.8	3.6	2.4	3.4	2.7
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	42	41	40.9	42	42	38
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	91	80	69.5	58	65	58
		b_ave	51.4	58.6	54.7	50.1	52.1	48.5
		σ_b	5.5	7.9	5.3	3.7	4.4	3.9
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic face)	H_min	176	175	157.3	170	171	172
		H_max	225	220	250	215	209	216
		H_ave	197.9	203.7	192.6	189.5	189.6	193.2
		σ_H	8.2	9.5	11	9.7	8.3	9.1
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	100	101	109	112	108	103
		H_max	146	145.5	168	144	148	188
		H_ave	121.2	120.9	136	128.6	128.7	124.6
		σ_H	7	11.2	9.9	7.3	6.1	9
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	39	35	56	44	32	39
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	154	69	87.5	67	66	59
		H_ave	50.2	52	69.2	56.1	56.4	51.3
		σ_H	10.9	8.3	6.2	4.2	4.1	3.7
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	55	46	52	54	52	53
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	92	83	85.5	76	77	96
		L_ave	72	66	69.6	62.6	63.5	62.9
		σ_L	6.7	7.9	6.6	4.3	4.8	6
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	20	20	21	21	21	24
		b_max	42	40	40.5	38	38	38
		b_ave	33.8	30.2	31.5	31.7	31.8	34.5
		σ_b	3.6	4.2	4.3	2.5	2.8	2.8
女Female	头长L(Head)	L_min	164	158	161	164	169	171
女Female		L_max	193	214	209	192	193	202
		L_ave	179.1	178.4	181.4	179.4	180.7	182.7
		σ_L	5.7	12	8.8	5.1	4.9	5.8
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	134	124	131.5	133	125	132
	头宽b(Head)	b_max	169	170	174	155	157	157
		b_ave	150.3	143.4	150.4	143.3	139.4	143.1
		σ_b	6	10.1	8.3	4.5	5.2	4.9
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	88	76	95	91	91	97
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	119	127	152.1	117	111	129
女Female		b_ave	102.8	102	113.4	100.4	100.3	109.4
女Female		σ_b	5.8	10.2	8.1	4.9	4.1	11.1
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	128	107	120	119	122	125
	面宽b(Face)	b_max	154	163	164	148	145	147
		b_ave	138.6	130.9	141.5	134	132.9	134.1
		σ_b	5.4	12	10.1	5.1	4.4	4.2
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	90	84	92	94	91	95
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	131	144.5	160	140	117	126
		b_ave	110.6	111.1	110.5	105.2	105	108.2
		σ_b	6.9	12.9	11.2	6	4.6	5.9
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	26	17	21	27	27	27
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_max	46	41.5	40.5	43	40	42
		b_ave	33.9	27.6	31.7	33.1	33.9	35.1
		σ_b	2.8	5.6	3.5	2.8	2.4	2.6
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	64	68	71.5	72	72	79
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	95	112	108	96	97	101
		b_ave	83	93.2	88.1	85.5	85.6	91.1
		σ_b	6.2	7.8	6.8	4.1	4	4.5
	鼻宽b(Nose )	b_min	29	26	31	24	27	27
	鼻宽b(Nose )	b_max	44	44.9	48	38	36	41
		b_ave	35.8	35.2	36.5	32.5	32.1	32.9
		σ_b	2.7	3.7	2.9	2.4	2.1	2.4
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	38	41	40	40	37	35
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	60	81	68	57	60	55
		b_ave	47.2	55.6	51	48.6	49.3	45.8
		σ_b	3.6	7	5	3.8	3.8	3.3
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	159	172	160	151	159	158
		H_max	214	217	211.5	202	203	199
		H_ave	189.1	196.6	183.6	180.6	180.5	178.5
		σ_H	8.7	10.9	8.2	8.6	8.7	7.9
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	98	93	112	100	107	100
		H_max	130	140.5	162	133	142	131
		H_ave	114.2	113	128.5	120.7	120.8	113.7
		σ_H	6.5	10.1	8	6.1	6.4	5.1
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	37	32.9	41	43	42	39
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	55	64.9	78	62	63	56
		H_ave	46.4	49.2	63.7	52	52.1	46.4
		σ_H	3.4	6.5	5.7	3.9	4	3.2
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	52	48	50	41	45	48
	耳长L(Ear)	L_max	85	82	84.5	67	67	70
		L_ave	66.8	65.4	65.6	57.8	57	59.1
		σ_L	5.7	6.6	6.3	4.3	4	4.3
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	21	21	21	23	22	19
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_max	42	40.5	43	38	60	38
		b_ave	32.3	29.6	30.4	28.3	28.5	28.5
		σ_b	3.3	4.2	4.8	2.2	3.9	2.9

性别Gender	指标Indices		满族Man	锡伯族Xibe	鄂伦春族Oroqen	赫哲族Hezhen	鄂温克族Ewenki
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_min	160	164	172.8	167	157
男Male	头长L(Head)	L_max	204	220.2	198	187.2	209.5
		L_ave	181.3	184.5	185.2	178.4	191.6
		σ_L	8.6	7.2	6.8	5.1	10.4
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	142.3	144.5	142	131.5	138
	头宽b(Head)	b_max	174.5	179	165.5	167.1	183.5
		b_ave	159.1	160.6	155.3	151.3	168
		σ_b	6.7	6.5	5.7	8.1	7.9
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	84.2	101.5	100	108.7	90
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	135	154.2	138.5	138	146.9
		b_ave	112.5	119.8	120.4	124.3	121.8
		σ_b	9.8	8.6	9.5	7.6	10.5
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	108.5	129	115	113.6	110
	面宽b(Face)	b_max	174	171.9	148.5	148.5	168
		b_ave	136.6	147.7	135.1	135.1	145.8
		σ_b	11.7	6.9	9.2	8.9	11.5
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	65	104	96	101	103
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	133.9	167	140	134.2	145
		b_ave	103.9	117.6	118.6	113.5	124
		σ_b	14.5	10.5	10	7.6	8.3
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_min	24.2	30.5	26	27.9	31.9
	眼内角宽b(Interocular)	b_max	46	43.2	43	43.2	54.5
		b_ave	36.5	35.5	35.5	33.7	44.7
		σ_b	3.8	3	4.1	3.2	3.8
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	78	87.9	86	80.1	76
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	109.5	130.9	108.5	115	112.5
		b_ave	94.9	103.1	96.1	94.5	92.3
		σ_b	6.2	5.9	6.1	8.6	8.2
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	33.5	30.7	33.1	30.8	41.2
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_max	47	46.9	47	43.2	56.1
		b_ave	39.4	38.5	38.6	36.3	48.6
		σ_b	2.6	2.9	3.4	3.1	3.2
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	36.1	37.8	42.5	43	43.5
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_max	69	62.8	59.5	57.5	79.5
		b_ave	54.8	52.9	51.5	51.2	61.9
		σ_b	6.2	4.6	4.3	3.9	5.1
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	167.5	178.5	166.8	165.9	174
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_max	214	255.8	208	203	223
		H_ave	191.1	198.7	191.1	184.1	200.4
		σ_H	9.9	14.1	9.8	9.3	9.7
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	107.2	112.9	108	103.1	111
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_max	150	182.9	144.5	133	163
		H_ave	132.1	133.3	124.2	120.1	135.5
		σ_H	8.5	11	10.3	7.2	10.8
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	46.2	46.9	44	41.9	44.2
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_max	78.1	70.6	65	59.8	79.5
		H_ave	61.4	58.4	55.2	51.4	63.5
男Male		σ_H	6.6	4.9	5.3	4.8	5.7
男Male	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	51	54.5	57.8	53.1	55.5
		L_max	80	83.5	79.5	73.7	88.3
		L_ave	62.9	67.4	67	63.1	75.9
		σ_L	5.9	5.5	5.1	5.1	5.7
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	22.3	18.9	27	21.7	34
		b_max	40.5	40.1	39	35.9	52
		b_ave	32.8	29.8	33.2	30.5	43.7
		σ_b	3.3	4.3	2.9	3.4	3.3
女Female	头长L(Head)	L_min	145	155	162	160.2	156
		L_max	205.7	189.1	193	185.6	196.5
		L_ave	176.2	175.3	178.2	170.9	182.9
		σ_L	8.7	5.6	6.6	6.4	8.8
	头宽b(Head)	b_min	140	134.9	141	141.7	130
		b_max	175	168	163	159	177.9
		b_ave	156.3	153.2	152.1	147.3	159.2
		σ_b	6.2	5.7	4.7	4.2	9.9
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_min	80	88	97.5	106.9	90
	额最小宽b_min(Forehead)	b_max	135	137	135	137	146.2
		b_ave	104.1	113	113.5	118.9	115.9
		σ_b	9.1	6.9	8.4	7.4	10.5
	面宽b(Face)	b_min	107.5	115.5	112	113.5	108.5
		b_max	173.5	153.8	147.6	147.6	163
		b_ave	127.5	140.7	128.9	127.4	137.4
		σ_b	9.5	6.1	8.2	8.1	12
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_min	61.5	104	95	94.5	101
	下颌角间宽b(Bigonial)	b_max	133.5	167	143	135.5	147.5
		b_ave	99.1	117.6	115.9	109.9	120.7
		σ_b	14	9.1	11.4	9.3	9.2
	眼内角宽b(Interocular )	b_min	25.8	29.3	28	28.2	30
	眼内角宽b(Interocular )	b_max	46	42.7	43.5	41.5	52.1
		b_ave	34	35.5	34.7	35.1	41.6
		σ_b	4	0.3	3.3	3.4	4.4
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_min	72	89	82.5	85	71.1
	眼外角宽b(External Biocular)	b_max	108.5	130.6	109	115.6	110
		b_ave	90.9	100.6	93.1	97.2	89.1
		σ_b	6	6.2	6.2	8.9	7.9
	鼻宽b(Nose)	b_min	30.1	30.1	30	27	36
		b_max	47.5	40.8	45	43.7	52
		b_ave	36.5	35.4	35.5	34.7	45
		σ_b	2.9	2.4	3	3.7	3.4
	口宽b(Mouth)	b_min	30	37.8	40.5	42	45
		b_max	67.5	59.5	56.5	55.6	76.5
		b_ave	45.7	48.7	48.9	48.5	59.9
		σ_b	5.3	4.4	3.7	3.4	5.6
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_min	155	164	162	161.1	171
	容貌面高H(Physiognomic Face)	H_max	202.5	247.5	208	201.3	220
女Female		H_ave	179.5	185.6	184.8	180.5	195.8
		σ_H	8.5	11	9.9	8	10.7
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_min	102.1	99.5	102.5	102.7	106
	形态面高H(Morphological Face)	H_max	148	136	138.2	129.8	159
		H_ave	125.5	121.7	120.3	113.4	127.6
		σ_H	8.4	7.2	9.1	7	11.9
	鼻高H(Nose)	H_min	41.2	40.5	42	40	45
		H_max	79	63.9	64	58	77.9
		H_ave	58.7	53.8	51.8	48.5	59.3
		σ_H	7.8	5	5.7	5.4	6.5
	耳长L(Ear)	L_min	48.9	52	54	53.2	56.5
		L_max	79	78.8	78	71.2	86
		L_ave	61.5	65.5	64.2	60.2	74.4
		σ_L	5.3	5.1	4.9	4.5	5.4
	耳宽b(Ear)	b_min	23	20	22	23.8	32
		b_max	40.5	40.8	38	36.4	50
		b_ave	31.7	28.9	31.1	29	42.3
		σ_b	2.9	3.8	3.2	3.4	3.4